The present investigation was carried out to find out the effects of high dose of L-lysine on the fish and also an attempt has been made to predict the impact on human health. L-lysine is an essential amino acid which is used in medical practices as a growth promoter of bones especially in infants. Important work on metabolism and functions of amino acids in human health and major diseases has been reported by many workers and evaluated the key role of various amino acids in response to infections. Lysine is not synthesized by body; therefore, it must be taken either by diet or supplementation. Lysine first of all isolated from casein in 1889 and introduced as Lysine hydrochloride in 1955. The recommended dose of lysine is 12mg/kg body weight. Side effects of Lysine in large doses i.e. 10-30gm/day may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea but renal and hepatic toxicity is not reported in normal person. Amino acids are used to treat end stage renal failure and also in liver failure. Recently lysine is used to treat herpes and as a supplement for diabetic people. In present study the effect of acute high dose 2mg/100gm body weight of L-lysine in fish shows toxic effects on kidney and liver which is an alarming indication towards use of high dose of Lysine in man. In kidney it caused glomerular dilation of the capillaries, glomerular hemorrhages and cloudy swelling of renal tubules. In liver it leads swelling of hepatocytes, vacuolization, fatty degeneration and central vein dilation. These histopathological changes are supported by marked rise in level of blood urea, serum creatinine, blood sugar and serum cholesterol.

Background: On a worldwide scale there is an increase in resistance in fungal infection (resistance,) which is crucial for people with compromised immune systems. One of the most frequent causes of fungal infections in these individuals is Candida fungus infection, which can have fatal consequences. This study aimed to investigate the (medication) antimicrobial sensitivity profile of Candida in HIV seropositive patients. Methods: The study included a total of 674 Candida isolates. Candida was isolated from clinical samples using wet mount, Gram stain, and SDA culture. Germ tube test, cornmeal agar morphology, sugar assimilation, fermentation tests, and BACT/ALERT 3D were used to further speciate the organisms. Results: Six and a half percent (6.5%) of the population was found to contain one or more Candida species. The most prevalent isolate was discovered to be 20 Candida tropicalis (45.45%), followed by 9 Candida albicans (20.45%), 7 Candida glabrata (15.9%), 4 Candida parapsilosis, and 4 Candida krusei. Antifungal susceptibility test performed by disk diffusion method revealed resistance to Amphotericin B in Candida tropicalis (25%), Candida albicans (33.33%) and Candida glabrata (28.5%). Conclusion: The clinician can select the most efficient antifungal drug with the help of a quicker identification of the Candida species in immunocompromised patients, thereby resulting in lower treatment costs and shorter hospital stays.

Background: Resistance to fungal infections is increasing worldwide, which is highly relevant in immunosuppressed individuals. Candida fungi infection constitutes one of the most common causes of fungal infections in such patients, and it can lead to complications and death. The current study sought to examine the prevalence and species diversity of Candida in samples received by the Microbiology Laboratory over a two-year period. Methods: The study involved 674 immunocompromised patients. Candida was isolated from clinical samples using wet mount, gram stain, and SDA culture. To further identify the organisms, several tests were conducted, including the germ tube test, cornmeal agar morphology, sugar assimilation, fermentation tests, and BACT/ALERT 3D. Results: Candida species were found to be present in 6.5% of the population. Candida tropicalis was found to be the most common isolate 20 (45.45%), followed by Candida albicans 9 (20.45%), Candida glabrata 7 (15.9%), Candida parapsilosis 4 (9.09%), and Candida krusei 4 (9.09%). Diabetes, leukaemia, chronic kidney disease, and AIDS were the most common predisposing factors for candidiasis. Conclusion: Men had a relatively high candidemia prevalence of 68.18%. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to be the most common co-morbidities with candidemia in people aged 51 to 70.

The present study was carried out to investigate the preventive role of L-Lysine amino acid in chronic chromium toxicity on alimentary canal of freshwater food fish, Clarias batrachus. The trivalent and hexavalent forms of chromium are important for human health and other organisms. Chromium maintains normal glucose tolerance factor. The deficiency of chromium leads atherosclerosis in rabbits and also effects reproduction, life spawn and growth. Moreover, the deficiency of chromium leads anxiety, mental retardation, vision impairment, poor immunity, hypoglycemia and unhealthy level of cholesterol. Toxicity of chromium on liver, stomach and kidney is worked out by many workers in mammals and fish. Chromium is one of the pollutants in urban sewage. It is used in tannery, paints, steel, textiles, printing, electroplating, rubber industries, pigments, plating, fungicides, corrosion inhibitors etc. L-Lysine amino acid is an essential amino acid and used as nutritional supplements. It is essential for growth and calcium absorption from intestine. Lysine also used to prevent osteoporosis, and it is also important for collagen synthesis, hormone and antibody production.To investigate the preventive role of L-lysine in chromium toxicity, the fish was exposed to 300 ppm chromic chloride (T 2 ) for thirty days along with control (T 1 ). during this period, the histopathology of stomach and intestine show atrophy of gastric epithelium, reduced mucosal folds and degeneration of gastric glands. The studies with Transmission Electron Microscopy of stomach of control (T 1 ) and treated fish (T 2 and T 3 ) were conducted. TEM shows damaged E.R., reduced parietal cells along with reduction in the number of zymogen granules. In intestine, it shows atrophy of epithelium, reduced size and fusion of villi and necrosis also observed. In the combination dose experiment (T 3 ), the fish was given an injection of L-Lysine amino acid @ 0.4 mg/100 gm body weight per day for thirty days. During this study, an improvement was observed after thirty days treatment, and it shows the nearly normal size of mucosal folds, epithelium of gastric mucosa regenerated as normal. In combination dose (T 3 ), after thirty days of exposure, embedding of villi, villous atrophy and villous fusion is not seen. Intestinal glands as well as intestinal mucosa were observed nearly normal.