Background: Peritonitis is a common emergency encountered by surgeons the world over. Despite a better understanding of pathophysiology, advances in diagnosis, surgery, antimicrobial therapy and intensive care support, peritonitis remains a potentially fatal affliction. Intra-abdominal sepsis is important causes of mortality and morbidity. The treatment is based on rapid fluid resuscitation, initiation of antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention. The antibiotic chosen must cover the most frequently expected bacterial species depending upon the site of perforation. Objectives of the study was done to identify the type of organism present in bowel perforation and their sensitivity pattern to different antibiotics. A guideline will be framed for advising antibiotics to be used for different kinds of perforation.Methods: This was a prospective study of one year on 50 patients of secondary peritonitis due to bowel perforation, conducted in Amaltas institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas.Results: This study included 50 patients with an average age of 36 years (range: 3 days-75 years). There were 40 males and 10 females. The mean duration of hospitalization was 10.6 days (range: 3-25 days) with predominant site of perforation was ileum. E. coli emerged as main pathogenic microbe even in site specific culture, was closely followed by Klebsiella. A combination of third generation cephalosporins with sulbactam and metronidazole has been the most promising therapy to treat secondary bacterial peritonitis due to bowel perforation. It needs to be emphasized that although the sensitivity studies reveal an edge for meropenem over cefaperazone sulbactam, yet the preference of cephalosporin with sulbactam over meropenem is justified, considering the economic constraints and with a suitable foresight, to keep meropenem as a reserve drug because trends indicate that our microbes are fast becoming resistant to the promising combination of third generation cephalosporin with sulbactam and metronidazole.Conclusions: This study suggests that the current recommended empirical antibiotics need to be reassessed.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen. They are emerging as a serious public-health issue. It causes nosocomial and community acquired infections. MRSA is present throughout hospitals in many countries. Nowadays it is the most commonly isolated antimicrobial resistant pathogen worldwide. The study include Material Method – d 450 isolates of Staphylococcus species from various clinical samples. The samples received from outpatient departments (OPDs), inpatient departments (IPDs) & various intensive care units (ICUs) included urine, blood, pus, sputum, vaginal swab, tissue, pleural uid. All clinical samples were processed as per standard bacteriological techniques. Molecular identication of Antibiotic Resistance Gene-mecA gene was also performed. Out of 450 Result– Staphylococcus species, 150 isolates were Staphylococcus aureus & 300 isolates were Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CONS). Conclusion – Methicillin resistance is caused by the presence of mec- A gene, which encodes a low afnity penicillin binding protein (PBP)-2a or PBP2' which has a low afnity for β-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, presence of mec-A gene indicates methicillin resistance in Staphylococci. Detecting mec-A gene by polymerase chain reaction is now considered the gold standard for identifying methicillin resistance in S. aureus.

Background: On a worldwide scale there is an increase in resistance in fungal infection (resistance,) which is crucial for people with compromised immune systems. One of the most frequent causes of fungal infections in these individuals is Candida fungus infection, which can have fatal consequences. This study aimed to investigate the (medication) antimicrobial sensitivity profile of Candida in HIV seropositive patients. Methods: The study included a total of 674 Candida isolates. Candida was isolated from clinical samples using wet mount, Gram stain, and SDA culture. Germ tube test, cornmeal agar morphology, sugar assimilation, fermentation tests, and BACT/ALERT 3D were used to further speciate the organisms. Results: Six and a half percent (6.5%) of the population was found to contain one or more Candida species. The most prevalent isolate was discovered to be 20 Candida tropicalis (45.45%), followed by 9 Candida albicans (20.45%), 7 Candida glabrata (15.9%), 4 Candida parapsilosis, and 4 Candida krusei. Antifungal susceptibility test performed by disk diffusion method revealed resistance to Amphotericin B in Candida tropicalis (25%), Candida albicans (33.33%) and Candida glabrata (28.5%). Conclusion: The clinician can select the most efficient antifungal drug with the help of a quicker identification of the Candida species in immunocompromised patients, thereby resulting in lower treatment costs and shorter hospital stays.

Background: Resistance to fungal infections is increasing worldwide, which is highly relevant in immunosuppressed individuals. Candida fungi infection constitutes one of the most common causes of fungal infections in such patients, and it can lead to complications and death. The current study sought to examine the prevalence and species diversity of Candida in samples received by the Microbiology Laboratory over a two-year period. Methods: The study involved 674 immunocompromised patients. Candida was isolated from clinical samples using wet mount, gram stain, and SDA culture. To further identify the organisms, several tests were conducted, including the germ tube test, cornmeal agar morphology, sugar assimilation, fermentation tests, and BACT/ALERT 3D. Results: Candida species were found to be present in 6.5% of the population. Candida tropicalis was found to be the most common isolate 20 (45.45%), followed by Candida albicans 9 (20.45%), Candida glabrata 7 (15.9%), Candida parapsilosis 4 (9.09%), and Candida krusei 4 (9.09%). Diabetes, leukaemia, chronic kidney disease, and AIDS were the most common predisposing factors for candidiasis. Conclusion: Men had a relatively high candidemia prevalence of 68.18%. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to be the most common co-morbidities with candidemia in people aged 51 to 70.

Background: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most ancient diseases of mankind. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is the most common, despite the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Many studies reported, a collaboration between PTB susceptibility. In our research study, we report meantime findings after enrolling 732 of a planned 212 participants. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Methods: The study conducted on patients with TB in west India was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Index Medical College; Indore Madhya Pradesh. Patients suspected of PTB were qualified for screening if their age varied from 25 to 60 years and with both gender, signs and symptoms associated with PTB such as cough for more than 2 weeks, fever, weight loss, chest pain, and abnormal chest X-ray findings in results and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) positive. All Patients were monitored monthly while they visited in TB and chest clinic for TB treatment. Results: A total of 937 patients were selected for the study. Out of which only 732 patients were enrolled. About 212 patents were positive for CBNAAT and 520 were found negative. The confirmed positive CBNAAT patients do not have a history of tuberculosis. In this study about 21.72% were ZN stain positive, 33.46% were culture positive and 28.96% were CBNAAT positive. Conclusion: The current scenario of traditionally AFB-negative PTB is not sensitive enough to establish the diagnosis of active tuberculosis without CBNAAT. They underdiagnose PTB and over-treat people without PTB.