We present a transfer-function approach to calculate the force on a magnetic force microscope tip and the stray field due to a perpendicularly magnetized medium having an arbitrary magnetization pattern. Under certain conditions, it is possible to calculate the magnetization pattern from the measured force data. We apply this transfer function theory to quantitatively simulate magnetic force microscopy data acquired on a CoNi/Pt multilayer and on an epitaxially grown Cu/Ni/Cu/Si͑001͒ magnetic thin film. The method described here serves as an excellent basis for ͑i͒ the definition of the condition for achieving maximum resolution in a specific experiment, ͑ii͒ the differences of force and force z-derivative imaging, ͑iii͒ the artificial distinction between domain and domain wall contrast, and finally ͑iv͒ the influence of various tip shapes on image content.
A method is presented for the analysis of magnetic force microscopy ͑MFM͒ measurements that allows the quantitative determination of the sample stray field. It is shown how measurements on an easily obtainable calibration sample can be used to calibrate the MFM measurement as a function of the wavelength of the sample stray field at the tip apex. It is demonstrated that the thus obtained MFM calibration can be used to determine the stray field distribution of the tip. Furthermore, the effect of the tip on the MFM imaging mechanism is analyzed by comparing it to some simple tip models. From the analysis, it is shown that the point-monopole and dipole models do not accurately describe the MFM imaging mechanism.
Published by the American Institute of Physics. Related Articles Nonlinear multimode dynamics and internal resonances of the scan process in noncontacting atomic force microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 112, 074314 (2012) The importance of cantilever dynamics in the interpretation of Kelvin probe force microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 112, 064510 (2012) Analysis of the lateral resolution of electrostatic force gradient microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 112, 064112 (2012) Reply to "Comment on 'The long range voice coil atomic force microscope'" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 097103 (2012)] Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 097104 (2012) Comment on "The long range voice coil atomic force microscope" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 023705 (2012)] Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 097103 (2012) Additional information on Rev. Sci. Instrum.This article describes the design of a versatile ultrahigh vaccum ͑UHV͒ low temperature scanning force microscope system. The system allows scanning probe microscopy measurements at temperatures between 6 and 400 K and in magnetic fields up to 7 T. Cantilevers and samples can be prepared in UHV and transferred to the microscope. We describe some technical details of our system and present first measurements performed at different temperatures and in various scanning force microscopy operation modes. We demonstrate distortion free and calibrated images at temperatures ranging from 8 to 300 K, atomic resolution on NaCl at 7.6 K and various magnetic force microscopy images of vortices in high transition temperature superconductors. It is demonstrated that our instrumentation reaches the thermodynamically determined sensitivity limit. Using standard cantilevers force gradients in the 10 Ϫ6 N/m range, corresponding forces of about 10 Ϫ15 N can be measured.
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