Obese individuals have a 3.5-fold increased risk of developing NAFLD, and there is an obvious dose-dependent relationship between BMI and NAFLD risk. © 2016 World Obesity.

Vitamin D is involved in the development of DPN in type 2 diabetic patients, and vitamin D deficiency is very likely to be associated with DPN in type 2 diabetic patients. Further studies are needed to validate the association between vitamin D deficiency and DPN.

radioactive iodine or thyroidectomy to patients with recurrent Graves' disease, since a second course of ATDs therapy may have little chance to lead to successful remission. However, it is still unclear which is the best treatment strategy for patients with recurrent Graves' disease, and more studies are urgently needed to explore more new promising treatment strategy for recurrent hyperthyroidism [4, 10]. Selenium is intensively involved in the immune response, and it also has important roles in maintaining the normal function of thyroid [11, 12]. Selenium is an essential particle in the active site of some enzymes in the thyroid, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and thioredoxin reductases [13, 14]. Selenium can protect thyrocytes against the damage from free radicals and oxidative stress [15-17]. Sufficient selenium status in the body is necessary for maintaining the normal function of thyroid, while its deficiency

Studies on the association between serum total osteocalcin level and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had reported controversial results. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess this association through a meta-analysis. Eligible articles were identified in electronic databases from their inception through May 1, 2015. To assess the relationship between serum total osteocalcin and T2DM, a meta-analysis was performed to determine whether total osteocalcin differed obviously between individuals with and without T2DM, and whether serum total osteocalcin level was associated with the risk of T2DM. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for total osteocalcin between individuals with and without T2DM, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% CI for the T2DM risk were calculated by meta-analysis. Twenty-four papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. From the pooled data, the total osteocalcin level was significantly lower among T2DM patients than controls (SMD: - 2.87; 95% CI-3.76 to - 1.98; p<0.00001), and high total osteocalcin level was significantly and independently associated with decreased risk of T2DM (OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.56-0.88; p=0.002). There was no evidence for publication bias. Serum total osteocalcin level is significantly lower in T2DM patients than controls, and total osteocalcin is inversely associated with the development of T2DM.