BACKGROUND The desire for aesthetic surgery in Iran has increased. The relationship between spirituality and body image has not been studied simultaneously with the desire for aesthetic surgery. The present study aimed to examine this relationship among students

BACKGROUND: Childbearing is the most important determinant of population fluctuations and its studies are more important than other population phenomena. Many factors are associated with childbearing, but individual factors associated with it have been less studied in a specific framework. The present study aimed to explore and identify the factors related to childbearing based on extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted among married women <35 years of age and married men whose spouses were under 35 years of age and lived in the City of Hamadan, Iran, in 2019. The data were collected by semistructured and face-to-face in-depth interviews and continued until the data saturation was reached. Overall, 15 interviews were conducted with 17 people. The data were analyzed, using a directed content analysis approach. RESULTS: The data analysis resulted in the extraction of 28 main codes, 9 subcategories, and 4 themes, which were correspond to constructs of the theory, consisting of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and social support in the field of childbearing. The main predictors were attitude toward childbearing and perceived control. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that ETPB has a potential to explain the intention and behavior of childbearing. The ETPB makes it possible to understand many of the factors associated with childbearing. The results of this study could be the basis for designing appropriate data collection instrument in quantitative studies and vast surveys.

Background: Athletes’ use of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AASs) is a significant health problem. This study aimed to determine factors associated with AAS in male bodybuilders by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods: Using a multistage random sampling procedure, this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 429 athletes participating in gyms in Qom, Iran, in 2019. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, including demographic information and questions related to TPB constructs. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, logistic regression, and linear regression using SPSS software, version 16. Results: The results demonstrated that 188 (48.2%) athletes had a history of AAS use. The attitude (β=0.39), subjective norm (β=0.26), and perceived behavioral control (β=-0.36) predicted 38% of the variance of intention to AAS use. Further, behavioral intention was the statistically significant predictor of AAS use among the studied athletes (OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.78-0.87). Variables such as having friends (OR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.28-3.30) or a sports coach using AAS (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.58-6.42) and having a history of supplementation use (OR=5.8, 95% CI: 2.65-12.8), along with age (OR=4.3, 95% CI: 0.35-53.6) had a significantly predictive role in using AAS. Conclusion: The findings revealed that nearly half of the studied athletes had a history of using AAS and supplements. TPB is applicable to identify the determinants of beliefs, intention, and behavior to use AAS among athletes. These findings can be useful in designing appropriate programs to prevent AAS use.

Background Unplanned pregnancy is an important public health problem. Most of the unplanned pregnancies occur with using unsafe contraceptive methods. The psychological determinants for choosing contraceptive methods are not properly clear. This study aimed to determine psychological predictors for using safe and unsafe contraception among women with unplanned pregnancy.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 married women with unplanned pregnancy. The census sampling was used for data gathering. Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire. Chi-square, linear and logistic regression, and correlation tests have been used for data analysis.Results The most common contraceptive method in women with unplanned pregnancies was male condom (32.2%). Women's awareness of contraceptive methods was low. The mean of age of women with unwanted pregnancy was 30 years. The intention was significantly associated with contraceptive methods (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.095-1.889). There was a significant relationship between attitude toward behavior and intention ( P <0.01). There was a significant association between the number of daughters, previous unplanned pregnancy, husband's job, and household income and contraceptive methods ( P <0.01).Conclusion The finding of this study suggest that public health strategies to reduce unplanned pregnancy, particularly among women around ages 30 years, should focus on addressing attitude and intention in contraceptive advice and healthy childbearing interval.