Farmers are among the most common work groups at risk of skin cancer. The protection motivation theory has been widely accepted as a framework for predicting health related behaviors. This study was conducted to determine the role of factors preventing skin cancer among farmers in Eslamabad-e Gharb district, Iran, using the protection motivation theory. In this descriptive study, 280 farmers living in this district were studied from May to June 2017. Using cluster random sampling methods, health houses where farmers received health care were selected. Each farmer within the selected health house was then enrolled into the study using simple random sampling. Data were collected by interview using an author-developed questionnaire. The questionnaire ascertained demographic information and constructs of the protection motivation theory. Almost half of the farmers had a history of sunburn (56.4%). With regard to prevention, a small proportion reported using sunscreen (8.6%), hats (3.2%), gloves 3.9%, sunglasses 4.6%, and protective clothing 15.4%. The results of regression analyses showed that with one unit of increase in the scores of self-efficacy to adopt prevention behavior and perceived protection motivation resulted in an increase in the mean score of the “protective” behavior by 0.26 and 0.20, respectively. Working conditions among farmers place them at great risk and skin cancer prevention is essential. Intervention and prevention programs should fully identify the determinants of skin cancer prevention in farmers; in addition, the identified effective factors must be taken into account when designing and implementing appropriate interventions.

Background: Given the increasing trend of Water pipe (WP) smoking in adolescent females, it is necessary to use effective educational strategies in preventing WP smoking in developing countries. We aimed to determine effectiveness of e-learning program in preventing WP smoking in adolescent females west of Iran using prototype-willingness model. Study Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study was performed on 221 adolescent females in Kermanshah City, Iran during 2019-2020. Multistage random sampling was used. Data collection tool included a researcher-made questionnaire based on prototype-willingness model. E-learning-based intervention program included 5 training sessions. Participants were followed up for 3 months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean scores of attitude, subjective norms, prototype, intention, and behavioral willingness structures were similar in both experimental and control groups before the educational intervention. However, after educational interventions, mean scores of structures of positive attitude towards WP, subjective norms about WP smoking, positive prototype about WP smokers, intention, and behavioral willingness towards WP smoking were decreased in the experimental group. Moreover, frequency of WP smoking was decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group after the educational intervention (P=0.003). Conclusion: The use of e-learning-based interventions is an educational strategy for reducing WP smoking in adolescent females.

INTRODUCTION Given the increasing prevalence of shisha smoking (SS) in adolescent females, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing adolescent's choice of shisha. This study aimed to determine predictors of shisha smoking among adolescent females in Western Iran based on the Prototype-Willingness Model (PWM). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1302 adolescent females in Kermanshah city, western Iran, in 2019. The method was multi-stage sampling with a systematic random approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions, history of shisha smoking, and Prototype-Willingness Model structure-based questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Statistical tests included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, and linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The prevalence of current consumers of shisha was 20.4%. Attitude and behavioral willingness and subjective norms were the most important predictors of behavioral intentions, whereas subjective norms, attitudes, and prototypes were the most important predictors for behavioral willingness. The results obtained from the logistic regression analysis revealed that both pathways of PWM constructs (behavioral intention OR=1.37; behavioral willingness OR=1.32) were significant predicting factors for shisha smoking among adolescent females. CONCLUSIONS Given the efficient role of behavioral willingness and intention for shisha smoking (SS) in adolescent females, it is necessary to consider these structures in designing educational strategies for the prevention of adolescent smoking.

BACKGROUND The desire for aesthetic surgery in Iran has increased. The relationship between spirituality and body image has not been studied simultaneously with the desire for aesthetic surgery. The present study aimed to examine this relationship among students

Background: shisha smoking is on the increase in Iarn, but there are limited data on its use among adolescents. This research purpose is to the survey prevalence of shisha smoking and risk factors among female in Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study . The study participants was 1302. The sampling was multistage random. 12 schools from three sectors of Kermanshah in the western city in Iran( 4 schools from each sector), were selected. Students were in grades 7 to 12. data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and Logistic regression test by using SPSS 22 software. Results: The mean (SD) ages of the students and the ages when the participants started SS were 15.22 ± 1.85 and 13.64 (1.64) respectively. 32.4% of the participants ever having used a shisha and 20.4% mentioned they used shisha the last 30 days. Most of the subjects smoked shishas in friends’ houses (45.8%) and with their friends (47.4%). The significantly important factors that affect SS in these age groups were the father's and mother's occupation, family size, living with others, father's education, having a friend who smokes shishas, friends’ encouragement to smoke shisha, and being in a family that smoke shishas. Conclusions: shisha smoking has become a major concern in female . shisha prevention needs extensive studies. Investigation of shisha behavioral factors is essential in designing of educational interventions. Key words: Female, adolescents, student, shisha smoking .