An optical transmission system using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) with new proposed model has been analyzed to overcome chromatic dispersion and attenuation phenomena. To evaluate the transmission system performance of the received signals, a simple model of one channel transmission has been developed in the first step. Also, optical fiber length and attenuation coefficient parameters have been investigated in detail to deal with the optimized corresponding parameter values. Results show that the performance of the optimized design parameters is very efficient in terms of output power (dBm), noise figure (dB), gain (dB), and -Factor. The model of one channel developed previously has been adapted to a complex model of four optical channels multiplexing with different wavelengths. FBG and EDFA have been also added to WDM technology system to enhance the chromatic dispersion and the signal attenuation. Results show that the new model is more efficient in terms of -Factor and eye diagrams.

This paper presents a detailed study of N-channels Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical transmission system using Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. The study was applied to optical long-haul networks to overcome the nonlinearity effects, chromatic dispersion, and signal loss. For this purpose, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) has been implemented in 4-channels, 8-channels, and 16 channels WDM transmission system network at 10 Gb/s to compensate the dispersion and the nonlinear distortion. The use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) has been also investigated to improve the quality of the transmission system. In Digital RoF, the impact analysis of modulation types such as Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is also introduced. Constellation diagrams, received optical power, types of modulation, fiber dispersion, channel spacing variation, and laser power were considered to validate the study with the existing studies. All results achieve good reliability performance and prove the efficiency of the presented model.

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The increasing challenges of agricultural processes and the growing demand for food globally are driving the industrial agriculture sector to adopt the concept of ‘smart farming’. Smart farming systems, with their real-time management and high level of automation, can greatly improve productivity, food safety, and efficiency in the agri-food supply chain. This paper presents a customized smart farming system that uses a low-cost, low-power, and wide-range wireless sensor network based on Internet of Things (IoT) and Long Range (LoRa) technologies. In this system, LoRa connectivity is integrated with existing Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), which are commonly used in industry and farming to control multiple processes, devices, and machinery through the Simatic IOT2040. The system also includes a newly developed web-based monitoring application hosted on a cloud server, which processes data collected from the farm environment and allows for remote visualization and control of all connected devices. A Telegram bot is included for automated communication with users through this mobile messaging app. The proposed network structure has been tested, and the path loss in the wireless LoRa is evaluated.

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