Background: Acute diarrhea in children under the age of five is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

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Background: End-of-life care refers to all aspects of the care relating to dying, and bereavement which are provided towards the end of life, end of life care is nowadays essential in nursing care, due to the increasing number of patients who require attention in the final stages of their life, the negative attitude among nurses is one of the most common barriers to the quality end of life care.Objective: To assess attitude of the nurses working at Hiwa Cancer Hospital toward pediatric end of life care in Sulaimani city.Methods: Quantitative Method / Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study has been carried out on (111) nurses working in Hiwa cancer hospital. Data were collected using standard questionnaires (Frommelt Attitude toward Care of the Dying scale ) data analyzed using statistical package of social science version (24).Results: The findings of present study demonstrate that 57.3% of nurses had good attitude, 14.2%fair attitude and 28.3% poor attitude toward end of life care , with the total mean and standard deviation (2.345±0.68) which indicated that nurses have good level of attitude as general, results show that level of education, work place, received training course about end of life care, attending seminar, workshop about pediatric end of life care had significant association with the attitude of nurses towards pediatric end of life care. Conclusion and Recommendation:Overall nurses have good attitude about end of life care. It's essential for nurses who were at fair or poor attitude about end of life care to be familiarized with the concepts of end-of-life care through trainings, workshops and formal or informal education in both academic and hospital settings.

Background  Assessing the quality of life has become an essential aspect in the treatment of pediatric cancer patients. Previously studies concerning this issue were limited but nowadays increased; the literature has shown that the quality of life of children and adolescents is negatively affected by cancer disease and its treatment. Objectives  To assess the quality of life of pediatric cancer patients receiving cancer therapy at Hiwa Cancer Hospital in Sulaimani City according to patients’ reports. Patients and Methods A Quantitative-descriptive design has been carried out on (110) pediatric patients who received cancer therapy. Data was collected using standard quality of life inventory 4.0. Data analyzed using statistical package of social science version (24). Results According to the patients’ report, the main findings in the present study are that the quality of life among pediatric cancer patients was at a reasonable level (64.54±10.02). The social function domain got the highest score with equaled (76.04 %); physical function domain (60.28 %), the emotional function domain (63.31%), and the lowest domain was school function (58.30 %). Conclusion The social and emotional function domains in the quality of life of pediatric cancer patients were good levels in which patients rarely have a problem. At the same time, physical and school functioning got an acceptable level in which patients sometimes have a problem.

Background  Leukemia is a hematological malignancy or cancer of the blood; it develops in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of bones where new blood cells are made. In a child with leukaemia, the bone marrow produces white blood cells that do not correctly mature Childhood leukaemia is the most common cancer, accounting for 29% of cancers in children; many studies were summarized that there is a strong correlation between the ABO groups and childhood leukaemia. Objectives  To identify the association between ABO Blood Groups and Medical Characteristics for Children with leukaemia Attending Hiwa Cancer Hospital in Sulaimani City. Methods A Quantitative-descriptive study has been carried out on (100) children diagnosed with leukaemia from Aug 1, 2019, to the end of March 2020 at Hiwa cancer Hospital in Sulaimani City/Iraq Questionnaire form conducted by the researcher for data collection Data analyzed by using statistical package of social science (SPSS) version 21. Results Main findings in the present study shows that (66%) of patients with leukaemia were males, ABO blood group distribution were 38% (O), 29% (A), 24% (B), and 9% (AB). Significant relationships were found between pediatric patients’ blood groups and their socio-demographic characteristics interim of residency and type of family. In addition, significant relations were found between the patient’s blood groups and medical characteristics regarding the type of leukaemia and both mother and father blood groups at (p<0.05).  Conclusion Findings in the present study concluded that is leukaemia more common among the type O blood group, followed by type A and B blood group. In addition, significant associations were found between case and control groups with their ABO blood group and type of leukaemia, mother’s blood group, and father’s blood group with ABO blood group.