Abstract. Rice bran is the outermost part of the rice grain wrapped in rice husks. Rice bran contains macro and micro nutrients that are bound to fibers that affect psychochemical properties when used in food products. The purpose of this study was to increase the nutritional value of rice bran with solid state fermentation using Rhizopus oryzae FNCC 6011 in tray bioreactor at 30 o C for 120 h. The results showed an increase in protein, fat and ash content by 58.5%, 124.5%, and 18.6%, respectively, while carbohydrate and fiber content decreased respectively by 25.6% and 51.2%. The deceleration model successfully depicts the profile of biomass growth and improved protein. The kinetic parameters obtained k, A, and YPX were 0.0536/h, 5.2537, and 0.1821 g/g, respectively.

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Abstract. The result of this research is to determine the ratio of the combination of cow manure and bagasse (F/I) to the volume of biogas production, chemical pretreatment effect of raw material bagasse on biogas production volume and the effect of co-digester on biogas production. The results showed a decrease in total solid occurs when the increase of 2%, 5% to 10%, and this contributes to decreasing the production of biogas. Chemical pretreatment influences on the production of biogas through pretreatment with 2% NaOH solution with surface morphology bagasse seen with SEM image and its chemical structure changes with FTIR instrument. The highest biogas yield of 51.04 L/Kg substrate was obtained from a combination bagasse treated with 2% NaOH solution for 24 hours and as much as 20% cow's rumen.

This study aimed to enhance the properties of CaCl2 crosslinked sodium alginate/k-carrageenan (SA/KC) incorporated with clove essential oil (CEO). An evaluation of the modification effects on physicochemical, morphological, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties was performed. The properties were observed at various SA/KC ratios (10/0 to 1.5/1), CEO (1.5% to 3%), and CaCl2 (0% to 2%). The surface morphology was improved by addition of KC and CaCl2. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) result showed insignificant alteration of film chemical structure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) result confirmed the increased crystallinity index of the film by CaCl2 addition. On physicochemical properties, a higher proportion of SA/KC showed the declined tensile strength, meanwhile both elongation at break and water solubility were increased. The incorporated CEO film reduced both tensile strength and water solubility; however, the elongation at break was significantly increased. The presence of Ca2+ ions remarkably increased the tensile strength despite decreased water solubility. Overall, the addition of KC and CaCl2 helped in repairing the mechanical properties and flexibility. CEO incorporation showed the effectiveness of profiling the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity indicated by high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity up to 90.32% and inhibition zone of E. coli growth up to 113.14 mm2.

The disadvantageous properties of sago starch has limited its application in food and industrial processes. The properties of sago starch can be improved by changing its physicochemical and rheological characteristics. This study examined the influence of reaction time, acidity, and starch concentration on the oxidation of sago starch with ozone, a strong oxidant. Swelling, solubility, carbonyl, carboxyl, granule morphology, thermal profile, and functional groups are comprehensively observed parameters. With starch concentrations of 10–30% (v/w) and more prolonged oxidation, sago starch was most soluble at pH 10. The swelling power decreased with a longer reaction time, reaching the lowest pH 10. In contrast, the carbonyl and carboxyl content exhibited the same pattern as solubility. A more alkaline environment tended to create modified starch with more favorable properties. Over time, oxidation shows more significant characteristics, indicating a superb product of this reaction. At the starch concentration of 20%, modified sago starch with the most favorable properties was created. When compared to modified starch, native starch is generally shaped in a more oval and irregular manner. Additionally, native starch and modified starch had similar spectral patterns and identical X-ray diffraction patterns. Meanwhile, oxidized starch had different gelatinization and retrogradation temperatures to those of the native starch.