Chalcones are a class of privileged scaffolds with high medicinal significance due to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated ketone functionality. Numerous functional modifications of chalcones have been reported, along with their pharmacological behavior. The present review aims to summarize the structures from natural sources, synthesis methods, biological characteristics against infectious and non-infectious diseases, and uses of chalcones over the past decade, and their structure–activity relationship studies are detailed in depth. This critical review provides guidelines for the future design and synthesis of various chalcones. In addition, this could be highly supportive for medicinal chemists to develop more promising candidates for various infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) management has been challenging for patients with comorbidities. Patients with diabetes and COVID-19, in particular, have shown severe symptoms and rapid progression of the disease. They also have a high mortality rate compared to the non-diabetic population. The high mortality rate is caused in people with diabetes who are in a pro-inflammatory condition; this could worsen COVID-19. In addition, people with diabetes have circulatory issues and COVID-19 infection can lead to further clotting problems. It is critical to understand the mechanisms underlying the adverse clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and COVID-19. This review discusses various disease conditions contributing to poor prognosis in diabetic COVID-19 patients such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, impaired pancreatic function, and production of advanced glycation end products.

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