Melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) are integral parts of melanoma, providing a protective network for melanoma cells. The phenotypical and functional similarities between MAFs and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) prompted us to investigate if, similarly to MSCs, MAFs are capable of modulating macrophage functions. Using immunohistochemistry, we showed that MAFs and macrophages are in intimate contact within the tumor stroma. We then demonstrated that MAFs indeed are potent inducers of IL-10 production in various macrophage types in vitro, and this process is greatly augmented by the presence of treatment-naïve and chemotherapy-treated melanoma cells. MAFs derived from thick melanomas appear to be more immunosuppressive than those cultured from thin melanomas. The IL-10 increasing effect is mediated, at least in part, by cyclooxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Our data indicate that MAF-induced IL-10 production in macrophages may contribute to melanoma aggressiveness, and targeting the cyclooxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathways may abolish MAF–macrophage interactions.
A szolid és hematológiai tumorok legtöbbjében mára olyan sejtpopulációkat azonosítottak, amelyek a daganatok kis százalékát alkotják, mégis kiemelkedő szerepet töltenek be a daganat terjedésének előmozdításában. Ezek az úgyneve-zett tumorőssejtek a szomatikus és embrionális őssejtekhez hasonló viselkedést mutatnak, aszimmetrikus osztódással önmegújításra képesek és heterogén sejtpopulációkat is létrehoznak. Egyre több kutatás alátámasztja, hogy a malignus melanomák progressziója mögött is tumoros őssejtek állnak. Nem tisztázott kérdés azonban, hogy a tumorigenicitá-sért vajon kizárólag melanomaőssejtek szubpopulációi felelősek vagy pluripotens őssejtté bármely melanomasejt dedifferenciálódhat. Jelen közlemény a pluripotens melanomaőssejtekről kíván átfogó képet nyújtani, különös tekintettel azokra a mechanizmusokra, amelyek a melanocyta-őssejtek differenciálódását szabályozzák, ugyanakkor a melanomaőssejtekben szabályozatlanul működnek. Bemutatásra kerül a mikrokörnyezet sejtjeinek, sejtadhéziós molekuláinak és szolúbilis faktorainak szerepe a melanomák progressziójában és heterogenitásának kialakulásában. Végül szó esik a melanoma terjedését leíró modellekről és azokról a sejtszintű markerekről, amelyek a melanomaőssejtek elkülönítésére, újabb célzott terápiák kifejlesztésére lehetőséget nyújthatnak. Orv. Hetil., 2016. 157(34), 1339-1348. Kulcsszavak: melanoma, tumorőssejt, mikrokörnyezet, marker Role of cancer stem cells in the progression and heterogeneity of melanomaOver the past decade a rare cell population called cancer stem cells has been identified in both solid tumors and hematologic cancers. These cells are reminiscent of somatic and embryonic stem cells and play a critical role in the initiation and progression of malignancies. As all stem cells, they are able to undergo asymmetric cell division and hence renew themselves and create various other progenies with heterogenous phenotypes. A growing body of literature suggested that stem cell subpopulations contribute significantly to the growth and metastatic properties of melanoma. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the current literature on melanoma stem cells, with a special emphasis on the signaling pathways responsible for the homeostatic growth of melanocytes and the uncontrolled proliferation of melanoma cells. The importance of the local microenvironment are demonstrated through summarizing the role of various cell types, soluble factors and cell adhesion molecules in the progression of melanoma and the creation of treatment resistant cancer cell clones. Last but not least, the models of melanoma progression will be introduced and a variety of cellular markers will be presented that may be used to identify and therapeutically target melanoma.Keywords: melanoma, cancer stem cell, microenvironment, marker Széky, B., Silló, P., Fábián, M., Mayer, B., Kárpáti, S., Németh, K. [Role of cancer stem cells in the progression and heterogeneity of melanoma]. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(34), 1339-1348. ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ KÖZLEMÉNYRövidítések ADCC = antigé...
Over the past decades, the in vitro use of pluripotent cell lines gained a crucial role in toxicology, preclinical drug testing and developmental biology. NTERA2 clone D1 cells were identified as pluripotent cells with high potential for neural differentiation. Although they are commonly used cellular sources in neuropharmacology and neurodevelopmental studies, their endodermal and mesodermal differentiation potential awaits further characterization. Here, we devised improved protocols for hepatogenic and osteogenic differentiation of NTERA2 clone D1 cells. Our in vitro differentiation assays showed significant up-regulation of multiple hepatogenic markers. We also observed robust mineralization and osteogenic marker expression of NTERA2 clone D1 cells upon in vitro osteogenic induction. These results suggest that NTERA2 clone D1 cells may be utilized as an in vitro model system to study various aspects of liver biology and osteogenesis. In addition, tri-lineage differentiation of NTERA2 clone D1 cells may serve as a simple experimental control system when validating pluripotency of other cell types.
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