The university's progress is largely determined by the existence of the university's leader. Many studies and theories of higher education have been offered. One of them is spirituality-based leadership. Spirituality-based leadership can move all organs in educational institutions in the desired direction. The purpose of this study is to prove whether leadership spirituality affects improving the quality of higher education. The method used in this research is qualitative research. We conducted interviews with ten leaders of public and private universities. They consist of two university rectors, one institute rector, two high school heads, and three deans from different faculties. The study results concluded that leadership spirituality has a significant influence on improving the quality of higher education. The implication of this research is significant to develop spiritual leadership to improve the quality of higher education.

Uniqueness, comfort, security and safety are attributes in a place that can influence the place attachment. Place attachment is the relationship of function and emotional components between people and place that creates meaning. Place attachment in public open spaces is usually related with the bond of the people and its physical environment and also the perception either negative or positive of the place. This research examine the role of uniqueness, comfort, security and safety as attributes which influenced the place attachment in the Kuching Riverfront Promenade (KRP), a popular public space among the locals people. Mixed method approach was using in this research to discovers the role of attributes to place attachment. A total of 165 respondents and 18 stall operators were interviewed, at the same time field survey was conducted in a selected area of the promenade. Findings indicated that the attributes: uniqueness, comfort, security and safety have a strong impact to respondents to identify the local environment and it exerts influence on the place attachment.

Physical modifications in urban environment can change the meaning of place, whether positive or negatively. Relationship between physical features and activities in urban environment can create functional dependencies and emotional feeling to place. Functional and emotional pattern in a place will influence the level of place attachment. Considering this issue, the research focused to assess the pattern of functional and emotional attachment in Malacca Riverfront Promenade (MRP), a popular urban space corridor along theMalaccaRiverwell-known as the historic promenade corridor located inMalacca,Malaysia. Mixed method is used to identify the pattern of attachment. Questionnaires were directed to 165 respondents and in depth interview were done to 18 street vendors and shop owner. Observation through photographic and written documents of physical features and activities were executed. The findings indicate that the pattern of functional and emotional arises from several indicators which are important for maintain the place attachment.

Many cities in Malaysia established their first development on the banks of the river. Urbanization phenomenon and technological advances then cause these riverfront areas developed and changed gradually. Progressively, inappropriate physical changes at the riverfront environment can reduce the usage and meaning of place together with the level of place attachment. The role of physical appearances related to the activities become famous issues in urban design discourses as an effort to establish the identity to the place; nevertheless, the research to measure the attachment level in public space is rarely done. This research is to identify the place attachment and its contributed components focus on pedestrian space in the riverfront area, public spaces which are favoured in Malaysia. Mixed-method approaches are implemented in this study by developing a framework to indicate the elements that affect the place attachment by the user. Surveys and interviews carried out in two riverfront promenade in Kuching and Malacca, there are Sarawak and Malacca riverfront promenade. 330 respondents involved in the questionnaire while 26 people were interviewed. Triangulation method is used to analyse the data and the results are achieved based on the objective of the research. The results found that some factors affected the level user’s attachment, namely: their familiarity to place, length of engagement, personal background and user’s role.

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