Along with its rapid urban development, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in recent years has suffered a high concentration of air pollutants, especially fine particulate matters or PM2.5. A comprehensive study is required to evaluate the air quality conditions and their health impact in this city. Given the lack of adequate air quality monitoring data over a large area of the size of HCMC, an air quality modeling methodology is adopted to address the requirement. Here, by utilizing a corresponding emission inventory in combination with The Air Pollution Model-Chemical Transport Model (TAPM-CTM), the predicted concentration of air pollutants is first obtained for PM2.5, NOx, and SO2. Then by associating the pollutants exposed with the mortality rate from three causes, namely Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer, the impact of air pollution on human health is obtained for this purpose. Spatial distribution has shown a high amount of pollutants concentrated in the central city with a high density of combustion vehicles (motorcycles and automobiles). In addition, a significant amount of emissions can be observed from stevedoring and harbor activities, including ferries and cargo handling equipment located along the river. Other sources such as household activities also contribute to an even distribution of emission across the city. The results of air quality modeling showed that the annual average concentrations of NO2 were higher than the standard of Vietnam National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05: 2013 40 µg/m3) and World Health Organization (WHO) (40 µg/m3). The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 were 23 µg/m3 and were also much higher than the WHO (10 µg/m3) standard by about 2.3 times. In terms of public health impacts, PM2.5 was found to be responsible for about 1136 deaths, while the number of mortalities from exposure to NO2 and SO2 was 172 and 89 deaths, respectively. These figures demand some stringent measures from the authorities to potentially remedy the alarming situation of air pollution in HCM City.

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Air pollution has deteriorated considerably the health of millions of people in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) due to high levels of emissions which caused more than 90% of children under the age of 5 years old to suffer from different respiratory illnesses in the city. The objectives of this research are to study the formation of the pollution plume over the city during a 3-day episode in February 2006 and to study two abatement strategies of air pollution for HCMC. The meteorology in HCMC is influenced by local phenomena and global phenomenon which create convergence fronts over and cause the formation of the plume of pollutants over the city. The plume of Ozone (O3) is developed in the north-western part of the city. The models successfully simulated these phenomena and their results are in good agreement with measurements. Two abatement strategies are studied in this work to help the local government who will make decisions for managing air quality in HCMC. For making a better-informed decision, the probabilistic estimate for the photochemical model is carried out in this research. The Monte Carlo method that is applied in this research for the uncertainty analyses is an efficient method of producing a probabilistic output from the photochemical model. The results of these two abatement strategies showed that if the local government follows the emission control plan: (1) for 2015, the O3 concentration in 2015 will be similar to the present O3 concentration. (2) For 2020, the O3 concentration in 2020 will decrease of around 10-30% of O3 in comparison to the actual level

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, tam thoai nguyen, Hang thi thuy nguyen, Dung Minh Ho, Hien nhu nguyen & thuy thi thu nguyen * Ho chi Minh city (HcMc) is one of the cities in developing countries where many concentrations of air pollutants exceeded the Vietnam national technical regulation in ambient air quality including tSp, no x , ozone and co. these high pollutant concentrations have destroyed the human health of people in HcMc. Many zones in HcMc can't receive more air pollutants. the objectives of this research are: (i) Air quality modeling over HcMc by using the tApM-ctM system model by using a bottom up air emission inventory; and (ii) Study loading capactities of air pollutant emissions over Ho chi Minh city. Simulations of air pollution were conducted in Ho chi Minh city (HcMc), the largest city of Vietnam by using the tApM-ctM model. the model performance was evaluated using observed meteorological data at tan Son Hoa station and air quality data at the Ho chi Minh city University of Science. the model is then applied to simulate a retire 1-year period to determine the levels of air pollutants in HCMC in 2017, 2025 and 2030. The results show that the highest concentrations of CO, NO 2 , and o 3 in 2017 exceeded the National technical regulation in ambient air quality (QCVN 05:2013) 1.5, 1.5, and 1.1 times, respectively. These values also will increase in 2025 and 2030 if the local government does not have any plan for the reduction of emissions, especially, So 2 in 2030 also will be 1.02 times higher than that in QCVN 05:2013. The emission zoning was initially studied by calculating and simulating the loading capacities of each pollutant based on the highest concentration and the national technical regulation in ambient air quality. the results show that the center of HcMc could not receive anymore the emission, even needs to reduce half of the emission. Under the easterly prevailing wind in the dry season, the high pollution was more likely to be experienced in the west of Ho chi Minh. in contrast, the eastern regions were the upwind areas and the pollutants could transport to the downwind sectors. it was recommended that the best strategy for emission control in HcMc is avoiding industrial and urban development in the upwind areas to achieve better air quality for both areas. in the case of necessity to choose one area for development, the downwind sector is preferred. the results show that tApM-ctM performed well as applied to simulate the air quality in HcMc and is a promising tool to study the emission zoning. Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the largest city in Vietnam with its position as the political, economic, scientific and cultural center of the country, is located at 10 o 45′N and 106 o 45′E in the southeastern region of Vietnam. HCMC's economic growth rate has been skyrocketing in recent years. The population of HCMC is 8.6 million people, the number of private vehicles is about 9 million units. Currently, there are 19 manufacturing and industrial zones, 30 industrial clusters on an area of 1,900 ha, and numerous factories and...