Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst is a rare, benign, most often solitary and unilocular, rarely multilocular cyst made up of a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, a subepitheial connective tissue layer, a smooth muscle layer and an outer fibrous capsule. The lesion is usually found incidentally by ultrasonography, during surgical exploration or autopsy. Recent publications characterizes of its fine needle aspiration biopsy features. The lesion is mostly asymptomatic, however one case caused portal vein compression and another which showed malignant trasformation through squamous metaplasia which warns to examine these lesions cautiously. As the lesion is extremely rare it is difficult to estimate its prevalence and its nature, so every single case presentation could be important.

The malignant potential of colorectal adenomas highly correlates with their pathological characteristics, such as size, histology and grade of dysplasia. Currently, based on these parameters, adenomas are characterized as "non-advanced or advanced" and patient surveillance is adjusted accordingly. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the KRAS mutations and characteristics of non-advanced and advanced colorectal adenomas for predicting the risk of increased malignant potential of adenomas that may influence the decision to offer follow-up endoscopic surveillance. We used a mutagenic polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism method to determine KRAS mutations in 164 colorectal sporadic polypoid adenomas (51 non-advanced-, 113 advanced adenomas) and in 40 early colorectal carcinomas. The method of mutation detection was validated according to recommendation for KRAS mutation testing in colorectal carcinoma of the European Quality Assurance Program. The limit of detection of the assay was 3 % mutated DNA with a good reproducibility. Evaluation of pathological characteristics was performed according to European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnosis. The morphological parameters of the adenoma such as size, histology, grade of dysplasia are highly correlated with one another: an increasing adenoma size raised the proportion of villous histology and degree of dysplasia (all p < 0.0001). KRAS mutations were detected in 31 % of the non-advanced adenomas, in 57.5 % of the advanced adenomas and in 62.5 % of the early carcinomas. Most mutations occurred at codon 12 rather than at codon 13 (72 %, 82 %, 76 % versus 22 %, 17 %, 24 %, respectively). There was no significant difference in association of KRAS mutation with age, gender, location among non-advanced-, and advanced adenomas and early carcinomas. KRAS mutation was found more often in tubulovillous and villous adenomas, whereas wild-type KRAS was observed more frequently in tubular adenomas (P < 0.0001) and there was an increased prevalence of KRAS mutations in larger adenomas (P < 0.0001). In this study KRAS mutation occurred with the same frequency in adenomas with low-grade (48 %) and high-grade (50 %) dysplasia. KRAS mutation is very strongly associated with a villous architecture and through villous component expansion, KRAS mutations may increase risk of tumor progression in sporadic colorectal polypoid adenomas.

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue tumor which exceptionally occurs in visceral organs or bones. Histologically this is a bland, monomorphic tumor and only occasionally shows pleomorphism. Vast majority of the soft tissue cases share the same translocation and the resulting EWSR1-CREB1 gene fusion as background pathogenetic alteration. Here we report a 10-year-old boy with subcutaneous tumor of the right shoulder. Histological, immunohistochemical and FISH analyses of the case revealed pleomorphic phenotype, characteristic immunophenotype and multiplication of the EWSR1-CREB1 fusion gene in the nuclei of the tumor cells. The possible explanation of the fusion gene multiplication, its relation to the morphology and the clinical outcome are discussed in the context of the published literature.

BackgroundThe epidemiology of esophageal cancer has changed dramatically over the past 4 decades in many Western populations. We aimed to understand the Hungarian epidemiologic trends of esophageal squamous cell cancer (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC).MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study using data from esophageal cancer patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2018 at eight tertiary referral centers in four major cities of Hungary. We retrospectively identified cases in the electronic databases of each center and collected data on gender, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, specialty of the origin center, histological type, and localization of the tumor. Patients were grouped based on the two main histological types: AC or SCC. For statistical analysis, we used linear regression models, chi-square tests, and independent sample t tests.ResultsWe extracted data on 3,283 patients with esophageal cancer. Of these, 2,632 were diagnosed with either of the two main histological types; 737 had AC and 1,895 SCC. There was no significant difference in the gender ratio of the patients between AC and SCC (80.1 vs 81.8% males, respectively; p = 0.261). The relative incidence of AC increased over the years (p &lt; 0.001, b = 1.19 CI: 0.84–1.54). AC patients were older at diagnosis than SCC patients (64.37 ± 11.59 vs 60.30 ± 10.07 years, p &lt; 0.001). The age of patients at the diagnosis of primary esophageal cancer increased over time (p &lt; 0.001, R = 0.119).ConclusionsThe rapid increase in the relative incidence of AC and simultaneous decrease of the relative incidence of SCC suggest that this well-established Western phenomenon is also present in Hungary.

We are the first to point out the functional connection between the hippocampus and the vestibular system in this report.