Each of 72 professional personnel consultants rated the suitability of one bogus applicant for selected masculine, feminine, and neuter jobs, and for alternatives to employment. Each resume was identical with the exception of the systematic variation of the applicant's sex and the omission or inclusion of a photo depicting the applicant as physically attractive or unattractive. As predicted, personnel decisions strongly reflected the operation of sex-role stereotypes as well as sex-relevant and sex-irrelevant attractiveness stereotypes. These factors similarly affected consultants' recommendations of alternatives to employment and consultants' causal attributions of applicants' projected occupational successes and failures.Sex-role typing provides a significant example of the powerful effects of stereotypes in the expansion and restriction of alternatives of expression and action available to men and to women in our society (Bern, 197S;Block, von der Lippe, & Block, 1973;Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972). The influence of sex-role stereotypes on both access and employee treatment is centrally important to sex discrimination in employment, a practice prohibited by Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964, The social sciences have begun to systematically examine sex discrimination in a number of settings, both naturalistic and experimental. The greatest amount of research has assessed discrimination against females in traditionally masculine, that is, male-dominated, occupations. Men have been evaluated more favorably than women for writing journal articles (Goldberg, 1968), for painting pictures (Pheterson, Kiesler, & Goldberg, 1971), and for

Milgram (1965) investigated several parameters in the obedience situation, by authorizing subjects to administer electric shock as punishment m an alleged leaming experiment. The most noteworthy finding was the high baseline of total obedience to the experimenter's command-26 of 40 subjects in the onginal study (1963). Milgram's analysis emphasized the operation of legitimate authonty and advocated an exaimnation of the social psychological forces operating in authonty or hierarchical patterns of human relations, rather than a focus on the personological dispositions to harm or aggress that reside within individuals. Hughes has made a similar distinction in discussing the Nazi death camps (1964).The present study concerns the prediction and perception of obedience to authority. Our imderstandmg of these aspects of the problem is minimal One indication is Milgram's evidence that mdividuals-e g, Yale semors, and a large sample of psychiatrists -were unable to predict vnth even a modicum of accuracy how subjects actually behaved in this setting. Serving as testimony against role playmg as a substitute for more realistic (often deceptive) research strategies (Miller, 1972), such evidence also suggests that there is considerable uncertainty or ambiguity in the obedience situation. People-laymen or behavioral scientistshave great difficulty in predicting how they, or others, would act in such a context.Attribution theory (Jones & Davis, 1965) provides a conceptual framework for tiie present analysis. Its basic premise is that man is disposed to making a causal analysis of acts, ascertaining whether the ongin for a given act is located in the environment or perceived within the actor. The obedience-to-authonty paradigm presents a special case of the attribution problem: Person 1. A prelunmary report on Experiment 2

Applied the system developed by R. Flesch to judge the reading ease and human interest of 34 books considered appropriate for beginning courses in psychology. Reading ease scores varied from 29.87 to 53.30, with 1 text classified as very difficult, 29 as difficult, and 4 as fairly difficult. Human interest scores ranged from 3.39 to 32.24; 10 books were rated dull, 19 mildly interesting, and 5 interesting. Although many factors are involved when choosing a text for a particular course, and the most readable and interesting book is not necessarily the best book, human interest and readability are criteria to be considered. (39 ref)

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This experiment was designed to test the idea that physically attractive (PA) persons are perceived as having two types of goodness-sex-relevant and sexirrelevant. Three hypotheses were tested to determine the validity of this notion. It was predicted that perceived masculinity increases with PA for males but not for females, that perceived femininity increases with PA for females but not for males, and that perceived social desirability increases with PA for both males and females. Subjects were asked to fill in the Bem Sex Role Inventory for males and females representing low, moderate, and high levels of PA. The obtained results supported all three experimental hypotheses.