Milgram (1965) investigated several parameters in the obedience situation, by authorizing subjects to administer electric shock as punishment m an alleged leaming experiment. The most noteworthy finding was the high baseline of total obedience to the experimenter's command-26 of 40 subjects in the onginal study (1963). Milgram's analysis emphasized the operation of legitimate authonty and advocated an exaimnation of the social psychological forces operating in authonty or hierarchical patterns of human relations, rather than a focus on the personological dispositions to harm or aggress that reside within individuals. Hughes has made a similar distinction in discussing the Nazi death camps (1964).The present study concerns the prediction and perception of obedience to authority. Our imderstandmg of these aspects of the problem is minimal One indication is Milgram's evidence that mdividuals-e g, Yale semors, and a large sample of psychiatrists -were unable to predict vnth even a modicum of accuracy how subjects actually behaved in this setting. Serving as testimony against role playmg as a substitute for more realistic (often deceptive) research strategies (Miller, 1972), such evidence also suggests that there is considerable uncertainty or ambiguity in the obedience situation. People-laymen or behavioral scientistshave great difficulty in predicting how they, or others, would act in such a context.Attribution theory (Jones & Davis, 1965) provides a conceptual framework for tiie present analysis. Its basic premise is that man is disposed to making a causal analysis of acts, ascertaining whether the ongin for a given act is located in the environment or perceived within the actor. The obedience-to-authonty paradigm presents a special case of the attribution problem: Person 1. A prelunmary report on Experiment 2

A F L .~~, cal./mole E. U./mole cal./mole (1) 2A1 + 3S(rh.) + 602 + AL(SO,), -820,990 * 430 -273.3 * 0 . 4 -739,500 * 450 (2) 2A1 + .?S(rh.) + PH: + 002 + AL(SO&6H,O -1,268,150 * 360 -552.9 * 0.8 -1,103,300 * 430 (3) K + A1 + 2S(rh ) + 402 -+ I;AI(SO& -589,170 * 310 -184.4 * 0 . 4 -534,190 * 330 (4) K + AI + 2S(rh.) + 13H, + 100d -+-R A I ( S O I )~I~H~O -1,447,700 * 260 -i38.0 * 2 . 0 -1,227,660 * 650 (5) (6) (8) are coniputed froin the relationship Aq9,.,, = A12(S04)a + OH20(liq.) ----f AlL(SO1)7 GH20 I(AI(SOa)> + 1BHlO(liq.) -+ KAl(SO4)?.12H?O */rR&04 + l/~Al?(S04)~ + 12H?O(liq.) + (7) '/rI;&34 + '/'..41r(S04): ----f KAl(S0412 KAl(SO~)~.l2H~O AfI&q.1, -29S.16 ASggg.16. Summary Specific heats of anhydrous aluminum sulfate, aluminurn sulfate hexahydrate, anhydrous potassium aluminum sulfate, atid potassium aluminum. sulfate doclecahydrate, were measured in the temperature range 52 to 298'K. Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate has a transition a t 39.7'K., with a heat of transition of 46.9 cal./mole. The following molal entropies at 29S.16°K. were computed : anhydrous aluminum sulfate, 37.2 * 0.3; aluminum sulfate hexahydrate, -1 12.1 * 0.7; anhydrous potassium aluminuni sulfate, 4S.9 f 0.3; and potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, 164.3 f 2.0. Combination of the above entropies with related thermal data yields the free energies of formation from the elements at 298.16'K. : anhydrous aluminum sulfate, -739,500 * 450; aluminum sulfate hexahydrate, -1,103,300 * 430 ; anhydrous potassiuni aluminum sulfate, -534,100 * 330; and potassium aluminum SUIfate doclecahydrate, -1,227,660 f 650 cal./inole. Other pertinent thermal data have been calculated.The question of what compounds may be metaphospbates and the polyphosphates, which formed by the dehydration of brthophosphoric latter may be looked upon as Salts formed from acid has been actively discussed since metaphos-orthophosphoric acid by a degree of dehydration phoric acid was first prepared by Graham in 1833.' intermediate between that which yields metaphos-The existence of many alkali salts of complex phoric acid and that which results in pyrophosphosphates has been claimed, but, in most cases, phoric acid. These substances can also be viewed the supporting evidence is inconclusive, and a as a series of compounds formed by molecular survey of the extensive literature. seems to lead addition of pyrophosphates to metaphosphates. only to the conclusion that considerable confu-It was the purpose of this work to study the sion exists throughout the entire field. A review effect of various phosphates on dilute solutions of of the more important work has been given by barium ion. The substances investigated were Partridge, Hicks and Smith.5 stoichiometrically equivalent to sodium hexa-Modern interest in these phosphates was in-metaphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, socreased by the happy discovery by Hall6 that one dium triphosphate, and sodium tetraphosphate, of them, the so-called sodium hexametaphosphate, each prepared as hereinafter indicated. has the pr...