Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. AbstractThe purpose of the research project was to understand the future crew environments for developing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. A variety of human engineering tools (job assessment software system [JASS], enhanced computer-aided testing [EC AT], and Micro Saint™) were used to address crew issues related to the utility of having rated aviators as crew members, supplementing current crews with imagery and intelligence specialists, and the use of automation to improve systems efficiency. Data from 70 soldiers and experts from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, Fort Hood, Texas, and Hondo, Texas, were collected as part of this effort. The general finding was that the use of cognitive methods and computerized tool sets to understand future crew environments proved to be cost effective and useful. Specifically, no evidence was found to support a requirement for rated aviators in future Army missions, but the use of cognitively oriented embedded training simulators was suggested to aid novices in developing the cognitive skills evinced by experts. The efficacy of adding imagery specialists to 96U crews was discussed, and specific recommendations related to automation were derived from the workload modeling. CONTENTS

NASA has begun a new approach to human factors design standards. For years NASA-STD-3000, Manned Systems Integration Standards, has been a source of human factors design guidance for space systems. In order to better meet the needs of the system developers, NASA is revising its human factors standards system. NASA-STD-3000 will be replaced by two documents: set of broad human systems design standards (including both human factors and medical topics) and a human factors design handbook. At the present time the standards document is in final review with some disagreement on several critical issues. The handbook is progressing with November 2008 as the anticipated completion date.

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A multi-year effort was conducted to investigate the impact on human cognitive and physical performance capabilities, which the introduction of a new Army command and control vehicle with modernized digital communications systems would have. This was a joint effort by the Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in partnership with the Directorate of Force Developments at the U.S. Armor Center and School at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and the U.S. Army Operational Test and Evaluation Command at Alexandria, Virginia. Literature searches and background investigations were conducted, and a model architecture based on a taxonomy of human performance was developed. A computer simulation design and methodology was implemented with these taxonomic-based descriptors of human performance in the military command and control domain, using a commercially available simulation programming language. A series of computer models called Computer modeling of Human Operator System Tasks (CoHOST) was written and results were developed that suggest that automation alone does not necessarily improve human performance.

United States Government human factors standards serve not only the organization that created them, but also become foundation standards for foreign governments and commerce. Panelists from the Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Defense, and NASA will discuss their standards and recent and planned revisions. A panelist will also discuss the transition of Government standards to commercial and international standards and the importance of consistency. SUMMARY The United States Government consumes over two trillion dollars in goods and services each year and employs over 3 million people. The Government has responsibilities to the taxpayer to purchase wisely and maximize the safety and productivity of its workforce. The field of human factors provides the guidelines that can help achievement of these goals. Three major human factors standards have been created within our Government, each focused on unique working environments: Federal Aviation Administration-Human Factors Design Standard (HFDS) Department of Defense-MIL-STD-1472, Human Engineering National Aeronautics and Space Administration-NASA-STD-3001, Human System Standard These standards not only serve the organization that created them, but they have become models for products and work environments in the civilian commercial world. These standards also serve as the basis for both foreign and international human factors standards. System developers, researchers, and students throughout the world are impacted by these standards and need to understand their contents, how to apply the material, and be aware of any planned or actual changes. What follows is a brief description of each of these three standards, significant changes, and their application. A panelist will introduce each topic area and serve as the expert during discussions.