Cell phones are commonly used in healthcare settings for rapid communication within hospitals. Concerns have been increased about the use of these devices in hospitals, as they can be used everywhere, even in toilets. Therefore, they can be vehicles for transmitting pathogens to patients. This study aimed to examine the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the surfaces of cell phones that are used frequently by preclinical medical students. This cross-sectional study identified both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria on cell phones of 105 medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, using standard microbiological methods. Out of 105 cell phones screened, 101 (96.2%) were contaminated with bacteria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most abundant isolates (68%). Seventeen (16.2%) cell phones were found to harbor Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-positive bacilli were isolated from 20 (19%) samples. Viridans streptococci and Pantoea species were also isolated but at lower levels. Our findings indicate that cell phones can act as reservoirs of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms. Therefore, full guidelines about restricting the use of cell phones in clinical environments, hand hygiene, and frequent decontamination of mobile devices are recommended at an early stage in medical schools, to limit the risk of cross-contamination and healthcare-associated infections caused by cell phones.

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Background. Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCB) is the commonest bladder tumor. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates angiogenesis, cell survival/proliferation, and apoptosis. This study investigates the relation of COX-2 immunostaining in UCB to clinicopathological parameters in Saudi Arabia. Methods. The study population includes 123 UCB and 25 urothelial mucosae adjacent to UCB. UCB samples were collected before any local or systemic therapy. Tissue microarrays were designed and constructed, and TMA blocks were sliced for further immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining was done using a mouse anti-human COX-2 monoclonal antibody. A cutoff point of 10% was chosen as the threshold to determine low and high COX-2 immunostaining. Results. COX-2 immunostaining is higher in UCB than in the adjacent urothelium (p=0.033). High COX-2 immunostaining is associated with high-grade UCB (p=0.013), distant metastasis (p=0.031), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.008), positive muscle invasion (p=0.017), pT2 and above (p=0.003), and high anatomical stages (stage II and above). High COX-2 immunostaining is an independent predictor of higher tumor grade (p<0.001), muscle invasion (p=0.015), advanced pathological T (p=0.014), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.011), and distant metastasis (p=0.039). High COX-2 immunostaining is associated with lower overall survival rate (p=0.019). Conclusion. COX-2 immunostaining is associated with the invasiveness of UCB which may be used as an independent prognostic marker. COX-2 may be a significant molecule in the initiation and progression of UCB. Molecular and clinical investigations are required to explore the molecular downstream of COX-2 in UCB and effectiveness of COX-2 inhibitors as adjuvant therapy along with traditional chemotherapy.

A 53-year-old male presented with dropping of the right eyelid associated with decreased visual acuity for 4 months. He also complained of vertical diplopia especially when looking down. Ophthalmological examination revealed right blepharospasm associated with right hypertropia. There was palpable mass at the inferomedial aspect of the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormal signal intensity in the right orbit inferior aspect occupying the orbital floor and measured 2.7 cm × 2.5 cm × 1.2 cm and showed enhancement on the postcontrast study. The patient underwent complete excision of the tumor. Histological examination of the mass revealed histiocytic proliferation with emperipolesis, with positive S100, positive CD68, and negative CD1a staining. These histological and immunohistochemical features are consistent with extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease. There was no complication or recurrence after the complete excision.