Variation orders are the most disruptive and unpleasant events of the projects because of their impacts on cost and completion date of the project. This study is about the variation orders in highway projects that are the most severe problems in the highway projects. Variation order is any modification to the contractual terms of a project by the owner or the owner's representative, it can be a work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a contract, which alters the original contract amount and/or completion date. Change orders are common to most projects, and very common with large projects. This study focuses on the causes of variation orders and their impacts on time and cost. Management system is suggested to control the variation orders of highway projects in Jordon. The data collected from two sources the primary is the survey questionnaire conducted with project managers, contracting, and consulting businesses in highway projects. The secondary is from selected completed highway projects. According to the questionnaire results, the most ten important causes are change of schedule, ambiguous design details, change of plan or scope, conflict between contract documents, lack of coordination, safety considerations, client financial problem, change in design by consultant, socio-cultural factors, and change in government regulations. The main impacts of variation orders are time delays, cost overrun, increase in overhead expenses, turnover of professionals and project team. According to the research findings, a management system has been proposed through the project lifecycle (conceptual, design and construction stages) to control the occurrence of variations and as a result, reducing their impacts. This system was evaluated through another questionnaire and the results showed that the proposed system would be successful tool for controlling variation orders occurrence in the highway projects in Jordan.

The urban population growth and increase in a number of vehicles have affected the travel demand on Jordan Streets. The study aims to apply the Transportation Demand Management (TDM) policies to reduce the traffic flow in urban areas and improve the Level of Service (LOS). A group of a combination between TDM and Transportation System Management (TSM) strategies have been conducted, when TDM strategies were not successful to improve LOS. TSM concept refers to any group of actions that increase the capacity of roads network. Synchro 8 software was used to analyse the intersection conditions as important point, connecting two main arterial street in Amman area. A significant reduction in delay and fuel consumption was measured, but there was no real enhancement in LOS. The LOS was improved, when traffic demand was reduced by 20% and capacity was increased with 6 lanes on each approach for the existing conditions. The percentage of saving in fuel consumption and delay was observed to be around 64% and 63%, respectively for the next 5 years.

Traffic accidents are considered one of the most important problems in modern societies. Arbil city in Iraq suffers from this problem; it is considered the second major cause of death.The main objectives of this study are to analyze and evaluate the causes of traffic accidents by using the statistical analysis technique, and self-observation study. In this study Traffic accident data, Geometric condition data ,and Traffic condition data, related to the Arbil streets network was collected, prepared and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. High Accident Locations (HAL) on the street network were identified by using various techniques. Self-observation on all selected streets that had (HAL) was summarized. Different predictive statistical models were developed for the streets in Arbil urban area. The Accident prediction models can be used to predict the probability of an accident at a certain location based on different variables. The statistical analysis of the study concluded that some of the geometric and traffic conditions are much related to traffic accident. It was concluded from this study that the increasing number of segments in principle urban streets will increase the number of total accidents and the number of property damages. Also, it was found that Pedestrian crossing areas ignored by pedestrians and the drivers do not give priority to pedestrians for crossing the street, due to lack of traffic awareness by drivers and pedestrians. The study recommends that Roads should be designed and constructed according to international standards. Also, it is recommended to improve traffic awareness of road users: drivers, pedestrians, and passengers through organized educational awareness programs.

Roads and highways are a major part of the transportation infrastructure in Iraq and play a substantial role in the local economy and community development. This research aims to develop a pavement maintenance management system (PMMS) for the highway which provides a systematic process of maintaining and upgrading the pavement and tools to facilitate a more flexible approach that can enable us to perform better tasks, more economically, effectively and of higher quality. The research study was conducted on a section of the main multi-lane highway in Baghdad, from Al-Dora intersection to Al-Mahmudiya district. The study area was divided into (20) sections. Each section divided into (40) sample units with size (250) m2. This highway is considered as a major highway with high traffic volume in Iraq. The updating Micro PAVER v.7.0.8 software was used for assessment and prediction of the condition of highway pavement and maintenance cost for existing conditions (Time of the study survey has occurred in 2018), the maintenance plan has been for short-term conditions (2018-2023) and medium-term conditions (2018-2027). The study shows that the PCI of the existing conditions was rating as (poor) with 90,434.00$ maintenance cost. The PCI of short-term condition was the rating (satisfactory) with 13, 497, 448, 00$ maintenance cost. The PCI of medium-term condition was the rating (good) with 18, 756, 142, 00$ maintenance cost. All highways in Iraq needs to be reconsidered for future maintenance plans to improve the quality of service of these facilities.

Transportation industry is basically a service sector component. It is a great importance for traffic engineers and planners to understand and evaluate the quality of service provided by transport facilities. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), with all its revisions since 1950, is the pioneer document in this area. It quantifies the concept of capacity for a transport facility and lays the foundations for estimating the level of service (LOS) being provided by that facility to its users. This study is an engineering project management. It is about evaluation and improving multi-lane highways in Iraq. The research study was conducted on one main multi-lane airport highway in Baghdad, including: Al- Dora intersection to Al- Rashid interchanges, where this highway is considered as a major highway with high traffic volume in Iraq. HCS-2010 program software was used to evaluate and improve the level of service and traffic conditions for the highway for existing conditions (year of the study-2018) and short-term conditions (2023). The evaluation shows that all segments are operating at LOS E or LOS F for existing conditions, short-term conditions. The segments that operated at LOS E or LOS F for existing, short-term and mid-term conditions improvements are suggested by modifying the geometric and traffic conditions and changing the highway to a freeway facility; in order to operate at better LOS. A management flow diagram was prepared for decision makers to be a guide for future planning programs.