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Introduction. Low-temperature freezing technology extends the shelf life of perishable fruits as it causes a sharp slowdown in the biochemical and microbiological processes in frozen products. However, it cannot provide complete destruction of microorganisms. The present research featured the reaction of apricot microbiota to the technological techniques of shock freezing. The research objective was to study the effect of low-temperature freezing modes (t = –25, –30, and –35°C), storage time (3 and 9 months), methods, and defrosting modes (in air at t = 5 and 22°C; in water at t = 5, 16, and 22°C; under the effect of microwave irradiation) on the surface microflora of apricots. Study objects and methods. The experiment featured apricots of the varieties Uzden, Untsukulskiy Pozdniy, Honobah, Krasnoshchyokiy, and Shalakh. The microbiological profile of defrosted apricots was based on the State Standard. Results and discussion. Fast freezing at t = –25°C provided a better inhibition of epiphytic microflora than at t = –30 and –35°C: aerobic-mesophilic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms – by 65.2–68.6%, yeast – by 61.5–69.0%, and mold – by 59.3–68.4%, compared to their initial content on fresh apricots. During the initial period of refrigeration storage, the number of microorganisms decreased, while the subsequent nine-month storage (t = –18°C) led to a slight increase in microbiota. After nine months of storage, the number of microorganisms on defrosted fruits, depending on the variety, was the following: aerobic-mesophilic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms – 1.2×103–2.0×103 CFU/g, yeast – 14–26 CFU/g, and molds – 75–108 CFU/g. Defrosting of apricots by microwave irradiation resulted in a greater destruction of microorganisms than after traditional thawing in air and water. Conclusion. The results of microbiological studies indicate that the shock freezing technology ensures the production of quick-frozen apricots that meet the requirements of Technical Regulations of the Customs Union No. 021/2011.

Определены агробиологические и технологические показатели винограда сортов Асыл кара, Платовский, Рубин Голодриги, Саперави и Алый терский с целью получения данных об адаптивных проявлениях интродуцентов к условиям культивирования в Дагестане, и определения сортов с лучшими технологическими свойствами. Исследования проводили с применением современных и классических методов агробиологического учета и определения технологических свойств винограда. Результаты фенологических наблюдений показали различия в наступлении периода полной зрелости ягод у исследованного винограда (от 1 до 43 дней), что говорит о влиянии экологических условий места выращивания и позволяет причислить сорта к следующим группам по срокам созревания: Платовский в Дагестане проявил свойства винограда сверхраннего срока созревания, Асыл кара - ранне-среднего, Алый терский - среднего, а Саперави и Рубин Голодриги - среднепозднего. Урожайность винограда - главный показатель оценки степени адаптации сорта к условиям возделывания, у интродуцированных сортов Асыл кара и Рубин Голодриги высокая (70-100 ц/га), у Платовского, Саперави и аборигенного сорта Алого терского очень высокая (свыше 100 ц/га). Лучшими по строению грозди оказались сорта Саперави (27,6) и Платовский (24,6), высокое значение показателя её сложения определено у сортов Рубин Голодриги (16,2), Алый терский (13,9) и Саперави (13,2). Последние лидировали и по величине структурного показателя (отличались большим количеством мякоти с соком - 88-91% от массы грозди и низким содержание скелета и твердого остатка), что является ценным технологическим свойством, которое у интродуцентов Рубина Голодриги и Саперави проявилось также хорошо, как и у аборигенного сорта Алого терского. У всех изученных сортов содержание сахаров и титруемых кислот соответствовало требованиям, предъявляемым к техническим сортам. Сведения о положительном проявлении адаптивных способностей исследованных сортов в условиях южной равнинно-предгорной зоны Дагестана важны на современном этапе формирования промышленного сортимента для успешного развития виноградовинодельческой отрасли сельского хозяйства Республики Дагестан.The agrobiological and technological characteristics of grapevine cultivars ‘Asyl kara’, ‘Platovskiy’, ‘Rubin Golodrigi’, ‘Saperavi’ and ‘Alyi terskii’ were assessed in order to collect data on adaptive behaviour of introduced species in the conditions of Dagestan, and determine cultivars with the best technological properties. Modern and standard methods were applied for agrobiologic registration and determination of technological properties of grapevines. The phenological observation data revealed differences in the full berry ripeness period of the studied cultivars (from 1 to 43 days) which confirms the ecological conditions impact of the cultivation place, and allows to rank cultivars by the following groups according to berry ripening dates: ‘Platovskiy’ in Dagestan demonstrated the potential of an extra early ripening period; ‘Asyl kara’ -early and medium, ‘Alyi terskii’ - medium, and ‘Saperavi’ and ‘Rubin Golodrigi’ - medium and late ripening period. Grapevine fertility is the principal indicator in assessment of the extent of grapevine adaptation to certain cultivation conditions. Thus, introduced cultivars ‘Asyl kara’ and ‘Rubin Golodrigi’ demonstrated high fertility (70-100 c/ha), ‘Platovskiy’, ‘Saperavi’ and aboriginal variety ‘Alyi terskii’ - very high fertility (over 100 c/ha). By cluster morphology, ‘Saperavi’ (27.6) and ‘Platovskiy’ (24.6) cultivars were the best. The high value of morphology indicator was demonstrated by ‘Rubin Golodrigi’ (16.2), ‘Alyi terskii’ (13.9) and ‘Saperavi’ (13.2). The latter were in the lead also by the structural indicator value (they stood out for a large amount of pulp with juice - 88-91% of the cluster weight, and low crest weight and solid residue), which is a valuable technological characteristic demonstrated by ‘Rubin Golodrigi’, ‘Saperavi’, and aboriginal grapevine ‘Alyi terskii’. Sugar and titratable acids content of all the studied cultivars were consistent with the requirements for wine cultivars. Data on positive manifestation of adaptive abilities of the studied cultivars in the conditions of the southern plain-piedmont zone of Dagestan are important for the formation of industrial assortment to ensure successful development of the viticinicultural industry of the agriculture of the Republic of Dagestan.

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New functional foods based on local vegetal raw materials can accelerate the implementation of the Strategy for Improving Food Quality in the Russian Federation through 2030. The present research aimed at developing formulations and technology for new functional quick-frozen fruit-and-berry desserts. The study featured four dessert mixes: apricot-persimmon-buckthorn, apricot-feijoa-sloeberry, apricot-persimmon-cornel, and apricot-feijoa-currant. The quality of the finished products was evaluated using conventional methods according to the mass concentration of sugars, solids, pectin, titrated acids, vitamin C, β-carotene, and minerals. The desserts were tested for toxic elements based on the atomic absorption method. The microbiological safety parameters were determined after six months of refrigeration storage (t = –18°C) using standard methods. The physicochemical data made it possible to design formulations where all components complemented each other’s beneficial properties. To stabilize the quality and obtain the optimal structural and mechanical properties, the formulations were completed with a sugar-pectin solution (380 g per 1 kg) with 30% sugar and 1.3% pectin. The mass concentration of some biologically active substances made the desserts functional: 250 g of each product satisfied the daily intake of pectin substances by 51.9–61.3%, vitamin C – by 42.9–123.4%, β-carotene – by 22.5–47.5%, iron – by 8.9–20.5%, and iodine – by 13.3–30.0%. The new quick-frozen functional fruit-and-berry desserts proved to have advanced organoleptic indices and met the safety requirements provided by Technical Regulations of Customs Union TR TC 021/2011.