In contrast with global trends, HIV prevalence in Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries has been rising in recent years. In this study, we analyzed hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), tuberculosis (TB) and sexually-transmitted (STI) co-infections among 500 HIV positive study participants recruited from all regions of Kazakhstan. Among our study participants, 27%, 8%, 2%, and 5% were coinfected with, respectively, HCV, TB, HBV, and STI. A considerable proportion of the study participants was also found with triple or quadruple infections of HCV/TB (12%), TB/STI (0.8%), HCV/STI (2%), HCV/HBV (1%), HBV/TB (0.4%), HBV/STI (0.2%), HBV/HCV/TB (0.4%), HBV/HCV/STI (0.2%), or HCV/TB/STI (0.2%). Strong associations were found of certain age groups, duration of HIV infection, and practices of injection drug use and sexual contact with PLWH, with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/TB. The odds of having death was 4.07 times higher with TB/HIV as compared to other co-infections. Co-occurrence of HIV with HCV, HBV, and TB infections among participants of this study highlights the necessity of regular screening for HCV infection among HIV infected patients, together with implementation of vigilant vaccination protocols against HBV and TB. Additionally, persons who inject drugs especially need to be focused for harm reduction efforts that include opiate substitution therapy, needle or syringe exchange programs, regular screening, and increased availability of ART and direct acting antivirals.
In Kazakhstan, the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has increased steadily by 39% since 2010. Development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resistance mutations (ARTRM) is a major hurdle in achieving effective treatment and prevention against HIV. Using HIV pol sequences from 602 PLHIV from Kazakhstan, we analyzed ARTRMs for their association with factors that may promote development of ARTRMs. 56% PLHIV were infected with HIV subtype A6 and 42% with CRF02_AG. The ARTRM Q174K was associated with increased viral load and decreased CD4+ cell count, while infection with CRF02_AG was associated with a lower likelihood of Q174K. Interestingly, CRF02_AG was positively associated with the ARTRM L10V that, in turn, was observed frequently with darunavir administration. Infection with CRF02_AG was positively associated with the ARTRM S162A that, in turn, was frequently observed with the administration of nevirapine, also associated with lower CD4 counts. Zidovudine or Nevirapine receipt was associated with the development of the ARTRM E138A, that, in turn, was associated with lower CD4 counts. Determination of a patient’s HIV variant can help guide ART choice in Kazakhstan. For example, PLHIV infected with CRF02_AG will benefit less from darunavir and nevirapine, and emtricitabine should replace zidovudine.
In the pipeline justify scientifically the approached on the integration of the primary health care and the Service for AIDS prevention and control when rendering services on rapid testing among key populations. It is noted that methodological basis for integration of the measures in case of HIV-infection with PHC was WHO / UNAIDS strategy "90-90-90", in which it is stated that for effective reaction to and prevention of the spread of HIV infection among key populations, it is recommended to implement an integrated set of measures including diagnosis, treatment and care connected with HIV-infection. It is noted that the integration of primary health care among key populations is carried out within the scope of the statutory free medical assistance (SFMA) and the compulsory health insurance system (CHIS). Rapid testing, pre-and post-test consulting for HIV infection, hepatitis, and STD of key populations when integrating with PHC is carried out in medical organizations, clinics, drop-in centres (DS), people-friendly offices (PFO), NGOs with the involvement of social workers and outreach workers. The integrated activities foresee social support that shall provide access both to medical and psychosocial support services for the key populations.
11 Казахстанский медицинский университет «ВШОЗ», г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан, 2 Республиканский центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД МЗ РК, г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан Актуальность проблемы обусловлена тем, что новая стратегия Объединённой Программы ООН по ВИЧ/СПИД (ЮНЕЙДС) на 2016-2021 гг. взяла на себя обязательства: прекратить эпидемию СПИДа в мире к 2030 году. Это нашло своё отражение в Государственной программе развития системы здраво-охранения РК «Денсаулық» на 2016-2019 гг., что вызвало необходимость изучения характера эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции в Казахстане, особенно в ключевых группах населения, подвергающихся наибольшему риску инфицирования.Цель исследования. Оценить динамические и структурные тенденции эпидемического процесса ВИЧ-инфекции в Казахстане с учетом внедрения современных мероприятий по контролю за эпидемией ВИЧ/СПИД. Материал и методы. В работе с использованием аналитических, исторических, эпидемиологических, статистических методов проведена оценка эпидемиологической ситуации по ВИЧ-инфекции в Казахстане с учетом необходимости достижения Глобальных целей по прекращению распространения эпидемии СПИДа на планете.Результаты и обсуждение. Многолетние данные мониторинга за случаями ВИЧ-инфекции, резуль-таты эпидемиологического слежения за распространенностью ВИЧ среди ключевых групп населения (ЭСР) Казахстана показали, что в стране имеются все предпосылки не только для эффективного кон-троля эпидемии, но и для существенного сокращения темпов роста эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции, как угрозы здоровью населения к 2030 году.Вывод. Для достижения в Казахстане к 2030 году целей «ускоренной» стратегии ЮНЕЙДС «90-90-90» необходимо учитывать существующие тенденции в развитии эпидемического процесса ВИЧ-инфекции в стране, пути передачи и факторы риска, определяющие потенциальное распространение инфекции (эпидемиологические, социально-экономические, культурные, поведенческие и другие).Ключевые слова: ВИЧ-инфекция, эпидемический процесс, факторы риска, система противодействия эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции. Зерттеудің мақсаты. АИТВ эпидемиясын бақылау бойынша заманауи шараларды ескере отырып, Қазақстандағы АИТВ-инфекциясы эпидемиялық процесінің динамикалық жəне құрылымдық үрдісін бағалау.Материал жəне əдістері. Жұмыста əлемдегі ЖИТС эпидемиясының таралуын тоқтату бойынша ғаламдық мақсатты ескере отырып, аналитикалық, тарихи, эпидемиологиялық, статистикалық əдістермен АИТВ-инфекциясының эпидемиологиялық жағдайы бағаланды.Нəтижелері жəне талқылауы. АИТВ-инфекциясы жағдайының көп жылдық мониторинг деректері, Қазақстан тұрғындарының осал топтары ішінде АИТВ таралуын эпидемиялогиялық бақылау нəтижелері тек қана эпидемияны тиімді бақылаудың ғана емес, ЖИТС эпидемиясы өрлеу қарқынын азайтудың алғышарттары бар екендігін көрсетті.Қорытынды. Қазақстанда 2030 жылға дейін ЮНЕЙДС «90-90-90» «жедел» стратегияның мақсаттарына жету үшін елдегі АИТВ-инфекциясы эпидемиялық процесінің дамуындағы үрдістерді, инфекцияның по-тенциалды таралуын анықтайтын берілу жолдары мен қауіп-қатер факторларын (эпидемиологиялық, əлеуметтік-экономикал...
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