In this study, fruit morphology of sections of the genus Onobrychis were examined. Fruit morphology origin, taxonomic position, and phylogeny of the genus are discussed. The hypothesis obtained from a phylogenetic analysis based on fruit morphology suggests the polyphyly of the genus excluding section Dendrobrychis. However, the result supports monophyly of four generic sections, Hymenobrychis + (Heliobrychis + (Lophobrychis + Onobrychis)).

The water-distilled essential oils from dried aerial parts of Salvia blepharochlaena, S. caespitosa, S. divaricata, S. hypargeia, S. longipedicellata and S. pilifera (Lamiaceae), endemic in Turkey, were analysed by GC-MS. α-Pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, thymol, caryophyllene oxide, α-thujone respectively, were the major constituenst of the oils.

Generic delimitations within the cosmopolitan Carduus-Cirsium group (i.e., "thistles") have a long history of taxonomic confusion and debate. We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the group to date to test generic limits, reconstruct the evolution of pappus type, and elucidate the role of chromosomal evolution. We offer two solutions for the recognition of monophyletic genera: (1) consolidate all taxa into one large genus (Carduus or Cirsium), or (2) recognize each major clade as a genus (Carduus, Cirsium, Eriolepis, Notobasis, Picnomon, Silybum, and Tyrimnus). Under the second proposal, the cryptic genus Eriolepis is segregated from Cirsium, and the African Carduus are included within Cirsium. The best diagnosable morphological character to delimit the genera is pollen type, which is not practical in field-based application. We caution that prior to implementing either solution, a thorough, comprehensive morphological analysis of all current members of Cirsium sect. Epitrachys (= genus Eriolepis) be completed. Future morphological studies may find additional achene or leaf surface characters that could be used for practical field identification of the segregate genera. The data show that the plumose pappus state is symplesiomorphic for the group, with one transition to barbellate pappus, likely followed by a reversal to its ancestral state as the group colonized Eurasia. The data are consistent with a North African origin in the region of the Mediterranean and a single colonization event to North America. An ancestral chromosome state of n = 17 is hypothesized for the group, and a descending dysploidy series in Carduus is hypothesized to correspond with the aridification of the Mediterranean region. The Carduus-Cirsium group highlights the difficulty of delimiting morphologically similar, cryptic genera.

The genus Cirsium Mill. (thistle) includes perennial, biennial, and annual members of the family Asteraceae and comprises more than 250 species distributed in

Hydrodistilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of Achillea cretica L. (Asteraceae) was analysed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Seventy-six components were identified, constituting 86.4% of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were caryophylladienol-II (13.4%), β-maaliene (6.1%), neo-intermedeol (6.0%), carvone (4.9%), spathulenol (4.5%), palmitic acid (3.3%) and selina-3,11-dien-6α-ol (3.2%). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth-dilution method on nine microbial strains and showed to be quite strong against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial properties of A. cretica justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds, contaminated through bacterial infections.