In Lesko and Lublin, Poland, from 1981 to 2005, the UTCI values were calculated for 8 observation terms a day. The frequency of the UTCI classes determined as 'cold stress' was dominant in . The frequency of classes determined as 'heat stress' was observed in 3% of all situations. On the other hand, restricted to the 12 UTC July and August term, the frequency of heat stress classes exceeded 40% in Lublin. Correlation between the UTCI in Lesko and Lublin (Poland) was stronger in spring and autumn than in summer and winter. Correlation between the UTCI and the meridional circulation index was more significant than between the UTCI and zonal circulation index in the period from April to November in both stations. The opposite situation occurred in February. Key words UTCI • cold stress • heat stress • atmospheric circulation • zonal circulation index • meridional circulation indexGeographia Polonica 2013, 86, 1, pp. 29-36 Material and methodsIn this paper, UTCI values from terms 00 UTC to 21 UTC (every 3 hours) in Lesko and Lublin-Radawiec were used. In Lesko, the IMGW weather station is located in the south-east part of the city (=49°28'N, =22°21'E), at an altitude of 420 m a.s.l. The Sanocko-Turczańskie Mountain region (the Carpatians) is located in this area. The IMGW weather station in Radawiec (=51°13'N, =22°24'E) is located within the Bełżyce Plateau area, at an altitude of 238 m a.s.l. The north area of the meteorological station grounds borders the grassy airport Aeroclub of Lublin Radawiec. The Lublin-Radawiec station is located on flat land. Lesko, on a local scale, has a convex relief form. On the other hand, the Lesko station situated in the mesoscale, has a concave relief form. The mountain ridges are about 120-200 m higher than the meteorological station and these ridges are situated 4-8 km SW and NE from Lesko (Nowosad 2007).The analysis covered the period from 1981 to 2005. The values were calculated with the application of BioKlima 2.6 software (Błażejczyk 2011).Daily values of zonal and meridional circulation indices (ZI and MI) were calculated following formulas by Lityński (1969Lityński ( , 1970. These indices are published on the Internet (Nowosad 2012). They are based on daily values of surface level pressure (SLP) available from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (Kalnay et al. 1996). Calculations of ZI were based on differences in mean SLP on parallels 40° and 65°N (between 0° and 35°E with 2.5° step). Calculations of MI were based on differences in the average pressure on 35°E and 0° meridians (between 40° and 65°N, also with 2.5° step). Hence, ZI and MI characterize the daily large-scale pattern of general circulation valid for Poland and are the base of a synoptic climatology (Lityński 1969(Lityński , 1970 Nowosad 2011).The frequency of occurrence of specific thermal stress classes (according to the UTCI) in individual months in Lesko and Lublin was determined. Thermal stress classes proposed earlier, were adopted (see articles in the current issue Błażejczyk et al. 2013;Bröde et al....

Release of cell wall degrading enzymes, CWDE, (glucanases, chitinases, xylanases, endocellulases, exocellulases, pectinases and polygalacturonases) was compared for three Fusarium culmorum isolates, two nonpathogenic rhizosphere isolates (a plant growth promoting [PGPF] and a deleterious [DRMO]) and one root pathogen, grown on media supplemented with one of these C sources: glucose, chitin, plant (rye root) and fungal (Fusarium) cell wall. The degree of autolysis determined after 42 d in the medium containing glucose was 15% for PGPF and DRMO and 20% for pathogenic isolate. The organic compounds added to the growth medium differentially affected the activity of the individual enzymes released by the particular isolates. The activities of xylanases and endocellulases released to the plant cell wall-amended medium by the PGPF isolate were significantly lower than the activities of these enzymes released by the DRMO and the pathogenic isolates. The activity of pectinases was repressed by glucose. The activities of acidic hydrolases were greater than those of alkaline hydrolases. Principal component analysis revealed that the activities of the CWDE found in the supernatants of the autolyzing F. culmorum cultures could be clustered into two distinct groups. One group included pectinase, exocellulase and polygalacturonase and all the remaining tested hydrolases in the other, suggesting that enzymes from either group might act in synergy during cell wall degradation. The differences in the activities of the individual CWDE released to the culture by the particular isolates are considered to be one of the key factors responsible for the observed types of plant-fungal interactions.

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The effect of two protoporphyrin IX derivatives conjugated with single (PP[Lys(TFA)-OH)]2) or double (PP[Lys(TFA)-Lys(TFA)-OH]2) lysine moieties on the infectious capacity of Nosema ceranae spores was examined, and their efficacies were compared with those of a cationic porphyrin (H2TTMePP). Honeybees were inoculated with spores preincubated with porphyrins or with untreated spores (control). A significantly lower level of infection was observed in the bees infected with the porphyrin-treated spores than in the infected control. Porphyrins 1 and 2 reduced the infectious capability of microsporidia more efficiently than porphyrin 3, with bee mortality declining to almost 50%. Confocal analysis of the midguts of infected bees revealed distinct differences in the number of spores between the control group and the group infected with PP[Lys(TFA)-Lys(TFA)-OH]2-treated spores. Notably, bees with a reduced level of infection consumed less sucrose syrup than the control bees, indicating a reduction in digestive disorders and an improvement in food absorption.