Mosquitoes represent the major vectors involved in the spread of deadly diseases like Malaria, Lymphatic filariasis,Chikungunyaand arboviruses like dengue virus and Zika virus. These diseases have emerged with the rise of urbanization and the use of chemical insecticides around the world. The insecticides such as DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), organophosphates, carbamates, and organochlorineshave caused resistance in mosquitoes against typical chemical control methodsthrough excessive use over the years. Different biological control methods aresustainable, eco-friendly and target major diseases spreading mosquito's species. This review outlines major biological control methods being used ortested in different parts of the world. Some of these are the use of plant extract, Wolbachiaspp, larvivorous fishes, insecticidal bacterial spp, predator mosquitoes and predator copepods.Limitations associated with each method are also discussed.All these methods will givea better understanding of developing an integrated approach for effective mosquitoes control that will reduce dependency on insecticide based approaches.

Heavy metals are discharged in large quantities in both land and water bodies, causing long-term damage to living organisms. Phytoremediation is an effective way to address this problem. The goal of this study was to identify how lead resistant microorganisms affect the growth of sorghum plant, both in the presence and absence of lead. For this purpose, lead resistant microbes were isolated to investigate the growth and concentration of lead in the sorghum plant. Isolated species were inoculated with lead containing media in different concentrations, such as 300, 400, 500, and 600 µg/ml concentrations. Highly lead resistant bacterial isolates were selected and inoculated with sorghum seeds under typical environmental conditions in small pots, with and without lead contamination (300 mg/Kg). In the presence of lead resistant bacteria, efficient growth was observed with less concentration of lead in the plants. Promising results were observed in the presence of GS3 and IS2 isolates. The current study showed that lead tolerant bacterial isolates are very helpful to degrade lead when grown with sorghum seeds. Furthermore, it also enhances the growth of sorghum plant.

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Aim: Antibiotic sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria responsible for infections on Mac Conkey medium Methodology: Blood samples were cultured on MacConkey medium and antibiotic sensitivity was done by the technique called disk diffusion. Sample size: 200 subjects Duration of research: Four months i.e. 01-09-2022 to 31-12-2022 Results: 148 were gram-negative bacteria, 25 having growth of mixed types and there was no growth in 27cases. In 148 subjects, resistance for ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, and doxycycline was 79%, 75.6%, 58.7%, 65.5% and 51.3% respectively. Gram-negative bacteria had high resistance %age of cefotaxime and the low for doxycycline. Conclusion: By gram staining technique, cases were all gram-ve bacteria. A species of Klebsiella was originated frequently in blood sample i.e. 18.5%. Keywords: Incidence, antibiotic sensitivity, infection in blood, gram-ve species

Grapevine leaf roll disease has vast impact on productivity, growth and vigor of grapevine plant. This disease has alone caused more economic losses globally than any other known diseases of grapevines. It is responsible for damaging wine, grape juice, and table grape cultivars, as well as rootstocks. GLD is a complex disease, eleven viruses are associated with GLD (each named Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus followed by a number) which belongs to family Closteroviridae. Out of eleven GLD associated viruses Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) has major role in spreading GLD disease in grapevines. It belongs to genus Ampelovirus of Closteroviridae family. It is transmitted by grafting, vegetative propagation and insects like Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and soft scales (Coccidae). It is difficult to identify disease related viruses since most affected plants have mixed infection. It becomes further challenging when dissimilar viruses can cause similar symptoms. Low virus titer, uneven virus distribution in vineyards and symptomless rootstocks and white cultivars are common issues in mixed infections. This review summarizes origin, distribution, genomics and overall impact of (GLRaV-3) on grape plants and its importance related to GLD.