Mosquitoes represent the major vectors involved in the spread of deadly diseases like Malaria, Lymphatic filariasis,Chikungunyaand arboviruses like dengue virus and Zika virus. These diseases have emerged with the rise of urbanization and the use of chemical insecticides around the world. The insecticides such as DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), organophosphates, carbamates, and organochlorineshave caused resistance in mosquitoes against typical chemical control methodsthrough excessive use over the years. Different biological control methods aresustainable, eco-friendly and target major diseases spreading mosquito's species. This review outlines major biological control methods being used ortested in different parts of the world. Some of these are the use of plant extract, Wolbachiaspp, larvivorous fishes, insecticidal bacterial spp, predator mosquitoes and predator copepods.Limitations associated with each method are also discussed.All these methods will givea better understanding of developing an integrated approach for effective mosquitoes control that will reduce dependency on insecticide based approaches.

Microorganisms are an important part of the food industry as these are helpful in food preservation and production. Usually, microorganisms are used in making dairy products (yogurt and cheese), fermented vegetables (olives, pickles, and sauerkraut), fermented meats (salami), and sourdough bread. These are also utilized for the production of wine and several other beverages. Recently in the food industry, the use of microorganisms has started on a large scale for the production of chocolate, food color, from preserving fruits, vegetables and meat, and as probiotics which are helpful for human health. Different types of the microorganisms produce enzymes of nutritional value such as microbial transglutaminase for fish production. As the human population is increasing, we need to adopt new techniques for producing qualitative and nutritious food. These microorganisms can be used to cope with the shortage of food supply. This review will brief the role of microorganisms in above mentioned products as a leading step towards the modern food industry.

3D bioprinting is an advanced technology that uses different biomaterial like hydrogels and bio-inks to develop artificial tissue cells and organs. There are three types of bioprinting techniques: Jetting-based bioprinting, extrusion based bioprinting, and integrated bioprinting. Biomaterials used in 3D bioprinter should have some ideal characteristics such as they should be biocompatible, printable, and provide mechanical and structural properties. There are different types of bio-inks, hydrogels, and growth factors used to overcome the crisis of organ shortage. Bioprinting technology is essential for the development of eleven organ systems as there is a need for organ replacement and tissue regeneration. It is possible to make complex tissue culture structures by using 3D bioprinting. The mixture of biomaterial and living cells used for bioprinting is called bio-inks. Hydrogels are one of the ideal components of biomaterials as it has similar characteristics as natural extracellular matrix and provides a hydrated environment for cells to divide. Generation and transportation of many tissues, including skin, heart tissues, cartilaginous constructs, and tracheal tissues is done by 3D bioprinting. It is used for research purposes, drug testing, and drug discovery. But our focus is to highlight the applications of 3D bioprinters in tissue engineering and the development of organ systems. Skin tissues have also been engineered to overcome complex skin treatment procedures and to save time and cost. Keywords: 3D bioprinting; Bio-inks; Biomaterials; Hydrogels; Tissue Culturing

Biofilm forming bacteria stick to one another or to the different surfaces or interface. Biofilm formation is not a good thing in many ways as they go with low metabolic rate and passed with less number of cell divisions. Objective: To find some novel anti-biofilm approaches against biofilms. Methods: Soil and water samples were collected from four sites. Soil samples were collected from agricultural land and road side of Hudiara village, Lahore, Pakistan. However, water samples were collected from BRB canal which is situated in village Barki and from tube well of village Hudiara located in Lahore district Punjab, Pakistan. For biochemical identification of isolates different types of biochemical tests such as MR, VP, SIM (motility), H2S, catalase, Indole and nitrate reduction were performed. Results: Some antibiotics and their combinations with different other antibiotics were checked and it was noticed the overall effects of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms have positive effects except disprin and Levofloxacin. While, Ciprofloxacin was found as an effective antibiotic. Combination of ciprofloxacin and disprin was used in order to remove the biofilm and it worked well to remove the biofilm. Conclusions: Different antimicrobial medications, all-natural compounds, and combinations of various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin-disprin, clarithromycin-moxifloxacin, and certain all-natural ingredients like honey, ginger, and lemon juice, were utilized to remove bacterial biofilms. Thus, it can be said that most of the combinations produced better biofilm removal outcomes than the individual elements did.