The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the family Coronaviridae and is now known to be responsible for the outbreak of a series of recent acute atypical respiratory infections originating in Wuhan, China in early December 2019. The disease caused by this virus, termed coronavirus disease 19 or simply COVID-19. COVID-19 has now spread globally with increasing morbidity and mortality among all populations. While going through Unani literature there is no direct description in about coronavirus in general and in particular coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but Amraz-e-Waba is used. It is an umbrella term which is used in Unani medicine for all types of epidemics but the clinical features of COVID-19 resemble with those of Nazla-e-Wabaiya, a type of Amraze-Waba (epidemic disease). As per Unani classical wisdom, improving immunity with immune boosters is one of the key approaches for prevention of disease and maintenance of health. Therefore, a strategy to enhance immunity and provide symptomatic relief in upper respiratory tract infection is advocated.

Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder which is passed down through families in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. This disorder results in the destruction of red blood cell in large number, which leads to anemia. It is caused by mutation in the DNA of cells that make hemoglobin. Thalassemia should be prevented by premarital screening and prenatal diagnosis which is helpful in decreasing prevalence and future incidence of thalassemia. The most important problem in thalassemia patients are iron overload, cardiac arrhythmia, hepatitis, osteoporosis and endocrine disorder however there are typical signs and symptoms of anemia. People with thalassemia can get treatment as indicated by the degree of seriousness of their condition. Blood transfusion is the common treatment for thalassemia. This review presents the types, diagnosis, prevalence, complications and treatment of thalassemia.

Biofilm forming bacteria stick to one another or to the different surfaces or interface. Biofilm formation is not a good thing in many ways as they go with low metabolic rate and passed with less number of cell divisions. Objective: To find some novel anti-biofilm approaches against biofilms. Methods: Soil and water samples were collected from four sites. Soil samples were collected from agricultural land and road side of Hudiara village, Lahore, Pakistan. However, water samples were collected from BRB canal which is situated in village Barki and from tube well of village Hudiara located in Lahore district Punjab, Pakistan. For biochemical identification of isolates different types of biochemical tests such as MR, VP, SIM (motility), H2S, catalase, Indole and nitrate reduction were performed. Results: Some antibiotics and their combinations with different other antibiotics were checked and it was noticed the overall effects of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms have positive effects except disprin and Levofloxacin. While, Ciprofloxacin was found as an effective antibiotic. Combination of ciprofloxacin and disprin was used in order to remove the biofilm and it worked well to remove the biofilm. Conclusions: Different antimicrobial medications, all-natural compounds, and combinations of various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin-disprin, clarithromycin-moxifloxacin, and certain all-natural ingredients like honey, ginger, and lemon juice, were utilized to remove bacterial biofilms. Thus, it can be said that most of the combinations produced better biofilm removal outcomes than the individual elements did.

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