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BACKGROUND Vitamin-D commonly known as Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) & Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) promotes the absorption and metabolism of calcium. Among children scarcity of vitamin D may cause rickets whereas osteomalacia both in adults and children having relevance with less circulating concentrations of 25OHD that is less than 20 nmol/L. OBJECTIVE To assess knowledge of undergraduate students about vitamin-D deficiency in various private sector universities of Karachi. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted where structured questionnaire were distributed STUDY SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS The targeted population was 100 subjects currently enrolled in medical universities. RESULTS According to the descriptive analysis, 100% students were aware of the importance of Vitamin D. However, only 38% of them knew that the deficiency of Vitamin D can cause tiredness, low mood, muscle and bone pain. 64% knew the beneficence of exposure of 10-15% of sunlight. CONCLUSION Students of private medical universities are aware of Vitamin D deficiency and its importance but its implementation is absent. Keywords Osteomalacia, Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency, Osteoid, Trabecular Bone, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol

BACKGROUND The research is conducted to determine the level of medical student’s perception regarding medical ethics subject and what strategy should be used to convey the ethical knowledge in their practice. The effort is required for implementation of this course as a compulsory subject as students have shown great affinity towards this subject. OBJECTIVE To identify the perception of medical students regarding teaching of medical ethics in their curriculum. STUDY DESIGN & SAMPLING TECHNIQUE It is a cross sectional study. Students were selected through Simple Random Sampling. STUDY SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS Data gathered through structured questionnaire distributed among private and Government medical universities. Collected data is analyzed on SPSS version 17. Percentages and frequencies are computed and chi-square test of significance is used to obtain the result. RESULTS Our study revealed that among 112 respondents 108 (96.4%) respondents considered education in medical ethics is important while 4 (3.6%) respondents said that education in medical ethics subject is not important.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Sleep deprivation is a major contributor of health and mental problems that may cause serious difficulties in accomplishing ADL’s among students although severe health and mental conditions have direct impact on the quality and quantity of sleep too. Thus, this study aims to determine the quality of sleep and its association between anxiety, depression, and stress to improve health related quality of life (HRQOL) among undergraduate DPT students of ZCRS. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional survey SAMPLE SELECTION 325 students were selected through convenience sampling technique from pre-clinical (1st, 2nd) and clinical (3rd, 4th, 5th) years of DPT program. PROCEDURE Data was collected on by providing Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 to both students of pre-clinical and clinical years at beginning, middle and end of semester to determine the association of related outcome measures. RESULTS Strong association was found between sleep deprived students with depression, anxiety, and stress on chi-square test of association (p<0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that high prevalence of anxiety followed by depression and stress with the quality of sleep along with the amount of sleep in university students during all three phases of their academic semester. Although studies proposed genetic co-relation with anxiety, depression and stress as well as with the quality of sleep.

BACKGROUND Menopause is the cessation of ovarian function that mainly leads to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis (OP) initially manifests by presenting pain that leads to reduced mobility and increase risk of stress fracture. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of widely suggested initial non pharmacological treatment including various exercises on acquiring post menopausal quality of life (QoL). DATA SOURCES The articles were accessed through the Google Scholar, Research gate, PubMed and Science direct that includes Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT). STUDY SELECTION Data included from 2000-2016, females travailed from postmenopausal pains, fractures and limited functioning. RESULTS 20 studies fulfilled the criteria required for this review and hence 1796 participants included, out of them 139 females received anaerobic exercise, 699 received aerobics and balance training while 451 did not perform any exercise. Anaerobic activity delivered extreme value in growing bone density (BMD), muscle bulk over and above lessening the threat of stress fractures, despite a fact that equilibrium exercises enhance kinesis