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In this paper we study the reasons behind the asymmetric distribution of housework within Spanish two-earner couples. Spouses' housework times are estimated jointly in a bivariate framework using data from the 1991 Work Situation and Time Use Survey. In order to understand the impact of gender-specific factors on the observed allocation of housework, we perform estimations that are in line with the Oaxaca decomposition. Our results suggest that the unequal division of domestic work between wives and husbands in our sample is mainly explained by gender-specific effects rather than by differences in their observable characteristics. Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003JEL classification: J16, J22, C35, Key words: Housework, time allocation, gender differences, bivariate negative binomial,

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Since the pioneering work of Carroll and White (1973) on the effects of age of acquisition (AoA) in tasks of lexical access, many different studies have confirmed the relevance of this variable in predicting reaction times (RTs): Words that were learned early in life tend to be read with shorter latencies than those learned later on. The effect of AoA is especially important in the picture-naming task (see, e.g., Barry, Morrison, & Ellis, 1997;Bonin, Boyer, Méot, Fayol, & Droit, 2004;Cuetos, Ellis, & Álvarez, 1999;Ellis & Morrison, 1998;Morrison, Hirsh, Chappell, & Ellis, 2002), but it also has an influence on lexical decision (e.g., Bonin, Chalard, Méot, & Fayol, 2001;Brysbaert, Lange, & Van Wijnendaele, 2000;Gerhand & Barry, 1999;Morrison & Ellis, 1995), word naming (e.g., Brysbaert et al., 2000;Cuetos & Barbón, 2006;Gerhand & Barry, 1998;Monaghan & Ellis, 2002;Morrison & Ellis, 1995), object decision (e.g., Holmes & Ellis, 2006;Vitkovitch & Tyrrell, 1995), and face-naming latencies (Moore & Valentine, 1998). Moreover, not only does AoA influence healthy subject RTs, it has also been found to affect the accuracy of response in aphasic patients (e.g., Cuetos, Aguado, Izura, & Ellis, 2002;Hirsh & Ellis, 1994;Nickels & Howard, 1995) . The most common procedure that is followed to obtain AoA variables was first set out by Logie (1980a, 1980b), who gave lists of words to a group of adults and asked them to rate when they thought they had learned the words. In some cases (e.g., Alario & Ferrand, 1999), this scale ranges between 1 and 5, with 1 meaning the word had been learned before the individual had reached the age of 3, and 5 meaning it had been learned after the individual had reached the age of 12. In other cases (e.g., Gilhooly & Logie, 1980a, 1980bMorrison et al., 1997;Pind et al., 2000), the scale goes from 1 to 7, each point being equivalent to 2 years in age. Finally, in some cases (e.g., Cuetos et al., 1999), the scale goes from 1 to 11, each point being equal to one year: 1 before 2 years old, 2 between 2 and 3 years, and so on through 11 more than 11 years old. 377Copyright 2007 Psychonomic Society, Inc. Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 328 words in Spanish BERNARDO ÁLVAREZ AND FERNANDO CUETOS University of Oviedo, Oviedo, SpainAge of acquisition is one of the most important variables in picture naming. For this reason, a large number of findings concerning age-of-acquisition data have been published in recent years in a number of different languages. In this article, objective age-of-acquisition data in Spanish for 328 pictures were collected from a pool of 760 children, half of whom were boys and the other half girls. A total of 246 pictures were selected from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) set, and 82 were new pictures. Like the results of other studies, we found that objective age of acquisition correlates less than rated age of acquisition with familiarity and frequency, which indicates that the objective measure is less contaminated by other variables than are rated estimate...

If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. AbstractPurpose -This study evidences the influence that sales promotion has on brand choice behaviour. Establishments wish to influence consumers' buying behaviour, and thus they launch strong promotional campaigns or introduce changes in their price policies, among other actions. However, they are not always capable of achieving their goal, since, although they may reach their objective in the short term, when the longer term is considered there are undesirable consumer actions. Design/methodology/approach -The problem of consumer brand choice can be adequately described with logit models that allow the use of discrete dependent variables. The probability that the consumer chooses a brand depends directly on the capacity of satisfaction that the brand holds for him/her. In this case, the dependent variable is the brand, and the independent variables are price, reference price, losses and gains, and the different types or techniques of sales promotion. With the aim of obtaining the necessary information for the present study, a regional consumer panel was used.Findings -The results show that it is necessary to consider the product's promotional state at the moment of purchase as an explanatory element of the process. Promotion is a tool that can help manufacturers and/or retailers in the achievement of their objectives (try the brand, help to decide what brand to buy, etc.). Immediate price reduction is the technique that exerts greatest influence on the brand choice process. It is possible that the consumer perceives a promotion, for example, coupons or rebates, but does not modify his or her behaviour. In this case, manufacturers and/or retailers will be investing their resources in promotional actions that do not have any effect on the consumer. Originality/value -Presents a regional consumer panel that has been elaborated and planned by the authors. Because of this, the information collected is just what was necessary for this study. On the other hand, the paper shows that is very important to know the consumer's preferences and the actions that influence his or her behaviour. Considering the results, it seems that promotions based on price have the greatest effectiveness.