2 Because rabies is fatal in nearly 100% of cases, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is among the most important measures for its prevention and control. For people exposed to rabies virus carrying animals, PEP consists of wound cleansing, rabies vaccination and passive immunization with rabies immune globulin, if necessary.3 A reported 12-15 million people in China receive PEP each year, which results in direct medical expenses around $280 million to $310 million. 4 The intramuscular PEP recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) includes Essen 5-dose regimen and the Zagreb 4-dose regimen (2-1-1 regimen).5 The 2-1-1 regimen has been used in other countries for many years.6-8 However, in China, only the Essen regimen was formally approved since the Primary Hamster Kidney Cell Background: In china, rabies vaccine is only permitted to use under the essen 5-dose regimen for the rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep). However, purified chick embryo cell vaccine made in India (Rabipur) has been approved in use under 2-1-1 immune program in 2010. Our objective is to confirm the immunogenicity and safety of pVRV manufactured in china (speeDa) under 2-1-1 program, compared with Rabipur and with the essen 5-dose regimen. Results: all groups showed similar immunogenicity. The neutralizing antibody titers at D14 and D45 of all subjects showed more than 0.5 IU/ml. No moderate and severe adverse effects were observed, though mild adverse reactions may occur. Methods: a total of 112 subjects were divided into three groups: 50 subjects in test group a, 32 subjects in control group B and 30 subjects in control group c. "Zagreb" 2-1-1 program was chosen for group a and B using speeDa and Rabipur, "essen" 5-dose regimen was adopted for group c using speeDa, thus to observe the general and local reactions within 72 h post vaccination. serum samples were also collected at D0, D7, D14 and D45 to determine the rabies serum neutralizing antibody by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). conclusions: pVRV (speeDa), under 2-1-1 regimen, is equally safe and immunogenic as the pcecV (Rabipur) for postexposure prophylaxis vaccination.

This study aimed to assess the safety profile of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies in pregnant women. All of the subjects received the Essen vaccination regimen. Systemic and local reactions were monitored within 72 hours following the immunization, and the subjects were followed until six months after delivery. No moderate or severe adverse effects occurred in any subject following the vaccination. Among the 72 subjects in this follow-up study, four had voluntary abortions, one subject had an accidental miscarriage, and the remaining 67 subjects delivered babies vaginally or by caesarean section. All of the infants exhibited normal development.The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine and the purified chick embryo cell vaccine were both safe for the PEP of pregnant women and did not interfere with the development of the fetuses or infants. Education is needed in China to stop pregnancy terminations due to concerns about rabies vaccination risk. :

Objective. To compare clinical characteristics, immunological markers, and β-cell functions of 4 subgroups (“Aβ” classification system) of ketosis-onset diabetes and ketosis prone diabetes patients without known diabetes, presenting with ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and admitted to our department from March 2011 to December 2011 in China, with 50 healthy persons as control group. Results. β-cell functional reserve was preserved in 63.52% of patients. In almost each subgroup (except A−  β− subgroup of ketosis prone group), male patients were more than female ones. The age of the majority of patients in ketosis prone group was older than that of ketosis-onset group, except A−  β− subgroup of ketosis prone group. The durations from the patient first time ketosis or DKA onset to admitting to the hospital have significant difference, which were much longer for the ketosis prone group except the A+ β+ subgroup. BMI has no significant difference among subgroups. FPG of ketosis prone group was lower than that of A−  β+ subgroup and A+ β+ subgroup in ketosis-onset group. A−  β− subgroup and A+ β+ subgroup of ketosis prone group have lower HbA1c than ketosis-onset group. Conclusions. Ketosis-onset diabetes and ketosis prone diabetes do not absolutely have the same clinical characteristics. Each subgroup shows different specialty.

Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1) has been recently documented in various malignancies, but its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains uncertain. In the current study, we investigated the level of Cthrc1 in NSCLC tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results revealed that Cthrc1 overexpression was significantly associated with differentiation (P=0.039), tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.035), lymph node status (P=0.001), and cigarette smoke (P=0.037). Furthermore, it was shown that patients with high Cthrc1 expression had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS; P=0.004 and P=0.010, respectively). Interestingly, high Cthrc1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS (P=0.010 and P=0.005, respectively) only in NSCLCs with cigarette smoke. These results indicated and suggested that Cthrc1 could be used as a prognostic marker for NSCLC, and it may play an important role in the smoked-related NSCLC.

The 2-1 IM regimen demonstrates the same safety and efficacy as the Essen regimen. The use of the 2-1 IM regimen could not only reduce the personal economic burdens of rabies immunization but also improve rabies immunization rates through fewer office visits and compliance with immunization procedures. However, further evaluation is needed before a major recommendation can be made.