Introduction: The incidence of multifocality and associated clinicopathological factors in renal cell carcinoma were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological characteristics were assessed for 122 renal cell carcinoma-pathological specimens from 121 patients. Microscopic and gross tumor pathology, incidence of multifocality as well as association between tumor grade, histological subtype, stage, size and vascular involvement were assessed. Results: Multifocal renal cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 16 of 122 specimens (13.1%). Satellite lesions for 15 of 16 specimens displaying mulifocality had the same histological subtype as their primary tumor. The occult multifocality rate was 11.4%. Tumor grade and stage, but not size or volume, histological subtype, and vascular involvement were significantly related to multifocality. Conclusions: Accurate staging of renal cell carcinoma appears to be essential in determining whether a patient should undergo nephron-sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy. Patients with high stage and grade should receive the highest attention after nephron-sparing surgery. Larger studies are needed to further elucidate the association between clinicopathological factors and multifocality.

ObjectiveThe main objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome, nocturia, urgency, and urge incontinence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and measure bladder wall thickness (BWT) in these patients.Materials and MethodsThe patient group was composed of 38 patients with OSAS. The control group was composed of 15 healthy individuals. All patients were evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS). The bladder wall thickness was measured by transabdominal ultrasound (US). The presence of nocturia, urinary urgency, and urge incontinence were also evaluated.ResultsThe mean OABSS was significantly higher in the patient group compared with the control group (p=0.048). The minimum oxygen saturation (Min.SO2) of patients with urgency was found to be significantly lower (p=0.014). The time spent below 90% of oxygen saturation (SO2) was significantly longer in patients with urinary urgency (p=0.009). There was no difference in BWT measurements between the patient group and the control group. There was a significant relationship between BWT values and OABSS in patients with OSAS (p=0.002).ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that OSAS is associated with OAB syndrome. As a key symptom of OAB, urgency correlates with hypoxia in cases with OSAS. Although the present study did not observe any difference in BWT measurements between the patients and the control group, there was a correlation between BWT measurements and OABSS in patients with OSAS.

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We believe that plasmakinetic surgery is better method than the cold knife technique for the treatment of urethral stricture.