Phytoremediation is considered of a cost effective and environmentally friendly technology and has been used successfully for the remediation of soils and water contaminated with various pollutants. Specifically for full scale application to treat industrial wastewater, phytoremediation is used as sole technology for different types of wetlands. However, phytoremediation of polluted water in wetland type reactor has been mostly studied as black box. The method to measure the performance is only based on pollutant removal efficiency and there is very limited information available about of the pollutant removal mechanisms and process dynamics in these systems. Thus, the aim of this chapter was to briefly review basic processes of phytoremediation, its mechanisms and parameters, and its interaction between rhizo-remediation and microbe-plant. In addition, this chapter also elaborated phytoremediation challenges and strategies for full-scale application, its techniques to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants by aquatic plants in water, and some examples of applications in industries.

The waste water from alcohol industry is called vinasse has a high organic content, with BOD5 = 109.038 mg / l, COD = 353.797 mg / l and TSS = 7200 mg / l, pH 4-5 with a temperature of around 40-50ºC. The current treatment of alcohol waste water, most still using facultative anaerobic technology with open ponds that are only covered with HDPE plastics. This technology produces less optimal biogas and has a weakness that is the hydraulic residence time (HRT) for long (40-50 days), wide land needs, low COD reduction efficiency as well as high risk of fire and leakage of biogas release high to trigger the occurrence of greenhouse gas and global warming effects. Development of technology with innovation reactor integration model Fixed Dome-Hybrid Anaerobic Filter aims to expand the contact area between the substrate and microbial with modification of the substrate flow system and the area of the filter and integrate with the gas accumulator. The design of this Fixed Dome-Hybrid Anaerobic filter integration model technology, has the advantage of producing optimal bioenergy with CH4 more than 50% content with decrease of COD more than 85% and hydraulic residence time of about 10 (ten) days, bioenergy result is renewable energy made from raw material vinasse from alcohol industrial waste which can be utilized for fuel substitution on the distillation process or boiler process of the industry in a sustainable and cleaner environment.

The performance of Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) to remove high ammonia content in catfish processing wastewater was investigated. A rectangular HSSFCW with 6 m long, 3 m wide ,1 m deep and divided into 3 compartments was used. Gravel beds were used as medium. Canna sp, Heliconia sp., and Papirus sp. were planted with plant density 10 plants per m2. The result showed that removal of ammonia was 67-87%, nitrite was 26-96%, nitrate was 35-99%. Ammonia removal relies on the efficient nitrification that requires sufficient amount of oxygenand organic carbon source to obtain optimum removal.

Crumb rubber is one of Indonesia’s agroindustry export commodities. This industry faces environmental problems due to their wastes, both liquid and air. The source of air pollution is commonly from drying process that emitted odor from its evaporation and heating phenomena. Industry uses wet scrubber technology as air pollution control from emitted odor from drying process. Preliminary identification in noncontrolled wet scrubber shown that wet scrubber efficiency around 47%. Low efficiency wet scrubbing process causes rain drop of water vapor around drying process. This research used electrochemical based sensor MICS 5524 as ammonia monitoring instrument, assisted with arduino as microcontroller to regulate water discharge through valve controlling scrubbing process. This electrochemical based sensor reads ammonia based on voltage reads by Arduino microcontroller. Ammonia reading then control scrubbing process by adjusting valve opening for spray water distribution. Wet scrubber efficiency increases to 66,96% due to water scrubbing control, also can save water utilization as high as 61,90%, followed by absence of rain drop contains ammonia around drying process area.

No abstract