Generally, research and studies about commodities focus on price trends, analysis in terms of international competitiveness, market position structure, rate of net exports, market share, and concentration index. This paper has developed an analysis of the most influential agricultural commodities traded from Colombia to European Union, which are bananas, coffee, and palm oil. Analyzing the economic and commercial effects in two traditional agricultural commodities from Colombia (bananas and coffee) with the rise of palm oil as a commodity in the trade relation with its partner; the European Union. The structure draws from the overview of general aspects and the behavior of Colombian foreign trade, as diversification of export products and trade partners, to focus on the characteristics of the trade relationship between the European Union and Colombia. The aim is analyze the proportional relation between bananas, coffee, and palm oil exported to the EU, according to three indicators, the volume of production, exports share, and trade value, from 2008 until 2019, identifying the trends before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Finally, with the coefficient correlation, determine the agricultural commodity that has the strongest and positive relationship with the total agricultural exports value from Colombia to the European Union.
ABSZTRAKT: A cikk a Melegh Attila (2013) által Kelet-Európa migrációs folyamataira kidolgozott tipológiát alkalmazza Latin-Amerikára, amely az elmúlt évtizedekben térsé-günkhöz hasonlóan a demokratizálódás és a piacgazdaságra történő átállás útját járta be. Akárcsak Kelet-Európa, Latin-Amerika is kisebb-nagyobb migrációs hullámokkal reagált az átalakulásokra.A nettó migrációs ráta és GDP-adatok segítségével a cikk értelmezi a hosszú távú migrációs folyamatok történeti és földrajzi vetületeit, négy csoportba osztva a két tér-ség országait migrációs egyenlegük alakulásának hosszú távú trendjei alapján.A cikk reflektál arra a kérdésre, hogy a gazdasági fejlődés nyomán várható-e, hogy a közepes jövedelmű országok kivándorlókat küldőből bevándorlókat fogadó országok lesznek-e. Az elvégzett elemzés végkövetkeztetései szerint nem feltétlenül, ehhez bizonyos földrajzi és történelmi adottságok is szükségesek. Az elemzett 36 országnak csak mintegy egynegyede mutatott ilyen tendenciákat, a többi ország nettó migrációs rátája negatív maradt, ingadozott vagy csökkent.Fontos tényezőnek bizonyult a GDP világátlagához való viszony alakulása, vagyis az országok relatív pozíciója a világgazdaságban, továbbá a szövetségi állami, integráci-ós szervezeteken belüli vagy posztkoloniális kapcsolatrendszerek hatása a migrációs folyamatok kialakulására. Ezen logikák mentén "mini" migrációs rendszerek jöttek létre, központjukban az egykori gyarmati anyaországgal vagy a legnagyobb szövetségi tagál-lammal. Ugyanakkor egyik elemzett ország sem vált "globális" migrációs célponttá.
1.3.2. Policymaking in the 'emigration state' 1.3.3. Diaspora policies for development: items of a 'policy toolkit' 1.3.4. Evaluating the hypotheses, part 1: The conceptual level 2. The Latin American diaspora: processes and institutions 2.1. The formation of the Latin American diaspora 2.1.1. The background of Latin American emigration trends 2.1.1.1. Coloniality and migration history in Latin America 2.1.1.2. Demographic and economic trends in Latin America 2.1.1.3. The social and political environment of migration in Latin America 2.1.2. Trends and patterns of emigration and remittance flows in Latin America 2.1.2.1. Trends of emigration in Latin America 2.1.2.2. Remittance flows in Latin America 2.1.2.3. Patterns of emigration in Latin America 2.2. Diaspora institutions in Latin America 2.2.1. Migration and diaspora on the Latin American political agenda 2.2.1.1. The migration issue on the Latin American political agenda 2.2.1.2. The birth of diaspora politics and diaspora policies in Latin America 2.2.2. The institutional setting for diaspora policymaking in Latin America 2.2.2.1. Specialized Diaspora Units in Latin American governmental structures 2.2.2.2. Other governmental units involved in3.4. Matching funds to community projects in Latin America 3.4.1. Latin American migrant associativism in the country of destination 3.4.2. Migrant associations as development actors in Latin America 3.4.3. Case study: the Mexican "3x1" Programme 3.5. Latin American diaspora networks 3.5.1. The highly qualified emigrants' role in Latin American development 3.5.2. Diaspora networks for knowledge transfer to Latin America 3.5.3. Case study: the Colombian Red Caldas and Colombia Nos Une networks 3.6. Comparative analysis of Latin American diaspora policies 3.6.1. The policy window 3.6.2. The policy deal 3.6.3. The policy mechanism 3.6.4. The policy impact 3.6.5. The policy lifespan 3.6.6. Evaluating the hypotheses, part 3: The policy level 4. Conclusions and questions for further research 5. Annex: Diaspora Unit Survey among Latin American Governments [DUS 2014-2015] 6. Bibliography 7. List of related publications of the author I would like to take the opportunity to thank the professional support of my supervisor at the Corvinus University of Budapest, Attila Melegh; my supervisors at the University of Chile (Santiago, Chile) and the Mexiquense College (Toluca, Mexico) where I spent 1-1 semester as an exchange student in the 2010/2011 school year, Horst Nitschack and Paolo Riguzzi, respectively; the researchers of the Mexico State University (Toluca, Mexico), Norma Baca and Francisco Herrera, to whom I could join on their fieldwork in the migrant-sending communities of Tonatico, Las Vueltas and Pachuquilla in May-June 2011; and my colleagues at the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the Demographic Research Institute, with whom I was working on the "SEEMIG -Managing Migration and its Effects in South East Europe" project between 2012 and 2014. A special acknowledgement is for the government officials of ten Latin Am...
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