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Java is Indonesia’s and the world’s most populous island. The increase in population on the island of Java reduces the area of forest and other vegetation covers. Landslides, floods, and other natural disasters are caused by reduced vegetation cover. Furthermore, it has the potential to lead to the extinction of flora and fauna. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be used to monitor the vegetation cover. This study analyzes the NDVI changes value from 2005 to 2020 using Terra and Aqua MODIS image data processed using Google Earth Engine. Processing was carried out in some stages: down-setting, performing NDVI processing, calculating monthly average NDVI, calculating annual average NDVI, and analyzing. From the study results, the NDVI value of Terra and Aqua MODIS data has a solid but imperfect correlation coefficient due to differences in orbital time which causes differences in solar zenith angle, sensor viewing angle, and azimuth angle. Then from this study, it was found that overall, changes in vegetation density cover on the island of Java decreased, which was indicated by the NDVI decline rate of -0.00047/year. The most significant decrease in NDVI value occurred in the period 2015–2016, covering an area of 13994.630 km2, and the most significant increase in NDVI occurred in the period 2010–2011, covering an area of 2256.101 km2.

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Java is the most populous island in the world. Data from BPS states that its population growth will reach 167,325,600 people by 2035. The population is directly proportional to the number of motorized vehicles, land use, and reduced vegetation cover. Hence, carbon monoxide increases as time goes by. Awareness about carbon monoxide is needed because CO is dangerous for human health. From several studies that have been carried out, several types of vegetation can reduce CO (carbon monoxide) pollutant levels to the maximum. Several studies conduct studies and analyses on plant estimates for CO pollutant absorption. Most of them analyzed the vegetation and carbon monoxide in a bio-chemical framework. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between CO and vegetation represented by NDVI from a spatio-temporal perspective. The study used CO data from Sentinel-5P for three years, NDVI, and land cover data from MODIS. From this research, NDVI and Carbon monoxide have an opposite relationship due to the correlation between both variables being -0.603. This result means NDVI and carbon monoxide have a strong negative correlation: the more vegetations exist, the less carbon monoxide content in the air.

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