The plasma electrolysis method using N2 and O2 injection is an effective and environmentally friendly solution for nitrogen fixation into nitrate and ammonia. The reaction pathway, the effect of the N2 and O2 gas injection composition are important parameters in understanding the mechanism and effectiveness of these processes. This study aims to determine the formation pathway of nitrate and ammonia by observing the formation and role of reactive species as well as intermediate compounds. Two reaction pathways of NOx and ammonia formation have been observed. The NOx compound formed in the solution was oxidized by •OH to NO2, followed by the production of a stable nitrate compound. The ammonium produced from the ammonia pathway was generated from nitrogen reacting with •H from H2O. The amount of NH3 formed was lesser compared to the NOx compounds in the liquid and gas phases. This indicates that the NOx pathway is more dominant than that of ammonia. The gas injection test with a ratio of N2/O2 = 79/21 was the most effective for nitrate formation compared to another ratio. The results of the emission intensity measurement test show that the reactive species •N, •N2*,•N2 + , •OH, and •O have a significant role in the nitrate formation through the NOx pathway, while the reactive species •N and •H lead to the formation of NH3. The highest nitrate product was obtained at a ratio of N2/O2: 79/21 by 1889 mg L -1 , while the highest ammonia product reached 31.5 mg L -1 at 100% N2 injection.

Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plants. Even though its availability in the air is abundant, it cannot be utilized yet due to its structure. Plasma electrolysis by air injection is effectively degrade organic textile dyes waste. In this study we propose a novel air plasma electrolysis (APE) where direct air injection into plasma zone inside electrolysis plasma can converts air into nitrate, while simultaneously the degradation of dyes waste produces organic nitrogen. Degradation of organic textile dye by APE can also transform nitrogen-rich organic wastewater into nitrogen fertilizers. In this experiment, Remazol red as a compound in the azo dye group was used as a model for organic textile dye wastewater. Air plasma electrolysis reactor equipped with a stainless-steel cathode, a tungsten anode, with various air injection rates and electric power. The results show 99.82% Remazol red degradation and 41.41 mmol of nitrate production. Preliminary efficacy tests on tomato plants showed that the nitrogen fertilizers produced from Remazol red produce the best plant growth. This study shows that APE simultaneously reduces organic textile dye waste, transforms them into potential organic fertilizer, and at the same time, synthesizes nitrates.

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PROLIFERATION RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT OF INDONESIAN 10-MWT RDE EXPERIMENTAL POWER REACTOR USING INPRO METHODOLOGY. Assessment of proliferation resistance (PR) for 10-MWt RDE has been conducted to verify the RDE safeguards desain. Proliferation resistance (PR) is a parameter that can be used to measure the ability of a facility to implement safeguards (safeguardability). Safeguards is every technical measure used to ensure that every nuclear material in a facility is used as declared and only for welfare. Proliferation resistance of 10-MWt RDE has been assessed with INPRO methodology. The areas assessed were specific to intrinsic features of RDE, which consist of the attractiveness of nuclear material and technology and also detectability and chances of diversion of the nuclear material. This assessment concludes that the 10-MWt RDE has strong proliferation resistance, which indicates that the facility has small ability to diverse nuclear material and will less likely be used to proliferate nuclear weapon.Keywords: Proliferation Resistance, Safeguards, INPRO Methodology.

The plasma electrolysis method using N2 and O2 injection is an effective and environmentally friendly solution for nitrogen fixation into nitrate and ammonia. The reaction pathway, the effect of the N2 and O2 gas injection composition are important parameters in understanding the mechanism and effectiveness of these processes. This study aims to determine the formation pathway of nitrate and ammonia by observing the formation and role of reactive species as well as intermediate compounds. Two reaction pathways of NOx and ammonia formation have been observed. The NOx compound formed in the solution was oxidized by •OH to NO2, followed by the production of a stable nitrate compound. The ammonium produced from the ammonia pathway was generated from nitrogen reacting with •H from H2O. The amount of NH3 formed was lesser compared to the NOx compounds in the liquid and gas phases. This indicates that the NOx pathway is more dominant than that of ammonia. The gas injection test with a ratio of N2/O2 = 79/21 was the most effective for nitrate formation compared to another ratio. The results of the emission intensity measurement test show that the reactive species •N, •N2*, •N2+, •OH, and •O have a significant role in the nitrate formation through the NOx pathway, while the reactive species •N and •H lead to the formation of NH3. The highest nitrate product was obtained at a ratio of N2/O2: 79/21 by 1889 mg L-1, while the highest ammonia product reached 31.5 mg L-1 at 100% N2 injection.