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In recent years, scholars of various forms of conflict involving revolutionary and militant organizations (such as terrorism, civil war, and nonviolent contestation) recognized that arbitrary organizational categories and typologies often leave large-N studies incomplete and biased. In moving away from nominal categorical boundaries that produce such selection biases and looking to a more generalized conception of resistance organizations, I constructed an original dataset that aims to bridge the gap between conflict literatures. Transcending traditional classifications, the Revolutionary and Militant Organizations dataset (REVMOD) consists of over 500 resistance organizations operative sometime between the years 1940 and 2014 and includes a diverse array of types of resistance organizations – many of which utilize a multitude of tactics, operate in various conflict contexts, and/or confront numerous target types. The dataset documents organizational attributes, allies, and adversaries at annual intervals (organization-years), making reliable time-series analyses possible. Tracking variables like organizational outcome-goal type and degree of achievement, political capacity, leader/s, constituent identity group, violence and demonstration levels, size, organization aliases, and several others, REVMOD breaks new ground in the collection of information on resistance organizations and can spur countless studies. A preliminary data analysis demonstrates that differences in organizational political capacity explain variation in resistance outcomes generally and in particular contexts such as civil war, terrorism, and nonviolent revolutions. REVMOD provides a unique opportunity to develop a new research paradigm for resistance studies that employs large-N empirical analyses to uncover generalities between different forms of political contention in the contemporary era, as well as to better understand why and how distinct resistance processes may produce specific outcomes.

Background Differences in postembryonic developmental trajectories can profoundly alter adult phenotypes and life histories. Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates metamorphosis in many vertebrate taxa with multiphasic ecologies, and alterations to TH metabolism underlie notable cases of paedomorphosis in amphibians. We tested the requirement for TH in multiple postembryonic developmental processes in zebrafish, which has a monophasic ecology, and asked if TH production was compromised in paedomorphic Danionella. Results We showed that TH regulates allometric growth in juvenile zebrafish, and inhibits relative head growth. The lateral line system showed differential requirements for TH: the hormone promotes canal neuromast formation and inhibits neuromast proliferation in the head, but causes expansion of the neuromast population in the trunk. While Danionella morphology resembled that of larval zebrafish, the two Danionella species analyzed were not similar to hypothyroid zebrafish in their shape or neuromast distribution, and both possessed functional thyroid follicles. Conclusions Although zebrafish do not undergo a discrete ecological transformation, we found that multiple tissues undergo transitions in developmental trajectories that are dependent on TH, suggesting the TH axis and its downstream pathways as likely targets for adaptation. Nonetheless, we found no evidence that evolutionary paedomorphosis in Danionella is the result of compromised TH production.

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