In mushroom cultivation of white oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus), problems in the contamination during the production are typically found. This contamination is due to the issue in controlling temperature during the media sterilization for growing the fungus (bag-log). This suboptimal sterilization causes unwanted bacteria and spores to grow. To reduce the amount of contamination, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate and evaluate the temperature distribution using one convection pipe with diameter of 6 and 8 cm. The fuel used for this sterilization process is rice husk. Sterilization itself aims to kill other unwanted bacteria and spores on the bag-log. Sterilization was done by traditional steaming bag-log drums arranged in four rows upwards for 6 hours. Convection pipes were built in drums. The steamer was done by performing two retrievals of data. From the experiment results, the use of convection pipe of 8 cm was better than the convection pipe of 6 cm. This is shown from the amount of fungal contamination in convection pipes were less in 8. The result of temperature measurement using dual laser infrared thermometer was also completed and interpreted using Matrix Laboratory with interpolation method to get heat distribution result.

Here au nique single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformationo fa116-nuclear Au I 72 Cd II 40 Na I 4 cageof-cage( 2 CdNa )i sreported, which was created from at rigold(I) metalloligand with d-penicillamine by way of a9 -nuclear Au I 6 Cd II 3 cage (1). Cage-of-cage 2 CdNa is composedo f1 2 cages of 1 that are linked by 4C d 2 + and 4N a + ions, with its surface being covered by 12 NO 3 À ions to form ad iscrete, spherical molecule with ad iameter ca. 4.7 nm. In crystal 2 CdNa ,t he cage-of-cage molecules are packed in ac ubic lattice with ah uge cell volumeo fc a. 4.5 10 5 3 , so as to have large interstices with diameters of more than 3nm. Upon soakingc rystals 2 CdNa in aqueous Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ,a ll Cd 2 + and Na + were quicklye xchanged by Cu 2 + to producea na nalogous Au I 72 Cu II 44 cage-of-cage (2 Cu )i naSCSC manner.P rolonged soakingl ed to the SCSC transformation to anothers upramolecular structure (2' Cu )c onsisting of 152-nuclear Au I 72 Cu II 80 cage-of-cages that are alternately H-bonded with the Au I 72 Cu II 44 cage-of-cages. 2' Cu showed the accommodationo f MoO 4 2À and the conversion of MoO 4 2À to b-Mo 8 O 26 4À in the crystal, with retention of single-crystallinity. Supporting information and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this articlecan be found under: https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904275.Scheme1.Synthetic routes to 1 and 2 CdNa .C olor codes: red,A u; cream, Cd; purple, Na.

The composites of poly–(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/clay/Fe3O4 (magnetite) were synthesized with Fe(II) in-situ via hydrolysis method. The films were obtained as films by employing natural clay containing montmorrilonite (aluminosilicate) using casting technique. The weight variations of each component were also investigated. The resulting films were characterized with fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) to analyze their functional groups, and then X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to check the formation of magnetite and it was combined with Deybe-Scherrer equation to determine the theoretical size of magnetite. Along with that, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis was carried out in order to measure the magnetic saturation brought by the magnetite inside composite system. FT-IR spectra showed peak around 610 cm-1and XRD diffracttogram pattern showed four characteristic peaks indicating (200); (311); and (511). Both results confirmed the formation of magnetite inside composite system. The result of VSM measurement showed that increasing PVA weight would lead into the decrease of the magnetic saturation of magnetite-contained composites due to hydroxyl group from PVA control its crystalline. Conversely, the reverse plot would be acquired if the precursor Fe(II)weight was augmented in the composite system due to another iron oxide species i.e.: goethite was predicted to form as the intermediate of magnetite. On the other hand, the amount variation of the aluminosilicate material was resulting no coherent plot through magnetic saturation value.

Soaking crystals of an AuI72CdII40NaI4 cage-of-cage in aqueous Co(NO3)2 afforded an analogous AuI72CoII44 cage-of-cage, accompanied by the exchange of NaI and CdII by CoII with retention of the single crystallinity....