Relentless human curiosity to understand the basis of every aspect of medical science has led humanity to unlock the deepest secrets about the physiology of human existence and, in the process, has reached milestones that a century ago could only be imagined. Recent ground-breaking breakthroughs have helped scientists and physicians all over the world to update the scientific basis of diseases and hence further improve treatment outcomes. According to recent studies, scientists have found a link between intestinal flora and the pathogenesis of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Any change in the typical habitat of gut microbiota has been shown to result in the culmination of various metabolic and cardiac diseases. Therefore, gut microbiota can be credited for influencing the course of the development of a disease. Any change in the composition and function of bacterial species living in the gut can result in both beneficial and harmful effects on the body. Gut microbiota achieves this role by numerous mechanisms. Generations of various metabolites like TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), increased receptibility of various bacterial antigens, and disruption of the enzyme action in various metabolic pathways like the bile acids pathway may result in the development of metabolic as well as cardiovascular diseases. Even if they may not be the only etiological factor in the pathogenesis of a disease, they may very well serve as a contributing factor in worsening the outcome of the condition. Studies have shown that they actively play a role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerotic plaque formation and rising blood pressure. The focus of this review article is to establish a relation between various cardiovascular diseases and gut microbiota. This could prove beneficial for clinicians, health care providers, and scientists to develop novel therapeutic algorithms while treating cardiac patients.

A cochlear implant is a neuroprosthetic, electrical device that is developed for the treatment of patients who have sensory hearing loss. It directly stimulates the hearing nerve by bypassing the injured or damaged sensory receptors, the hair cells. This implant is directly placed in the inner ear. It is an electronic device which is proved to be very useful in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. This implant consists of a speech processor (externally present), which takes up the sound; transforms it into digital signals, and then internal components take it to convert it into electrical energy, which stimulates auditory nerves, and the brain perceives it and hears it as a sound. This is one of the most successful surgeries, which happens very frequently nowadays. Although, many complications are mostly associated with this implant. This paper deals with the preoperative, operative, and postoperative complications associated with cochlear implant surgery. That includes tinnitus, Meniere's disease, unilateral hearing loss, musical ear syndrome, infections; flap necrosis, facial nerve palsy, improper electrode placement, magnet displacement; failure and reimplantation, cholesteatoma, and pneumocephalus. These are just a few of the complications; there are much more complications which are associated with cochlear implants.

Unroofed coronary sinus syndrome (UCSS), also named coronary sinus (CS) septal defect, is a rare type of atrial septal defect (ASD) with the incidence less than 1% of the total number of ASDs. It is caused by incomplete formation of left atrial venous folds during embryonic development. There is communication between the CS and left atrium (LA) due to the presence of a left superior vena cava (LSVC) along with an incomplete or complete loss of the CS roof draining into the LA. It usually presents as mild breathlessness on exertion and the appearance of murmurs on auscultation. A case that is diagnosed as an unroofed CS (UCS) related to a continuous LSVC terminating into the CS, which further terminates into LA, along with a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a rare presentation.

Metformin is the primary pharmacologic treatment of type II Diabetes also the most recommended drug around the world, either alone or in blend with insulin or other glucose-lowering treatments. Metformin is a biguanide. Metformin was likewise removed because of worries over lactic acidosis, but it consequently brought down glucose levels and was once again introduced in 1995. Diabetes mellitus is a gathering of issues related to a metabolism where the glucose concentration of blood is higher than usual because of low discharge of insulin or inappropriate reactivity to insulin, bringing about hypertension. Therefore low glucose, results in cutting off intricacies. Metformin has been indicated to forestall diabetes for individuals who pose a greater danger and reduce the majority of diabetic confusion. Late responses to metformin indicated many more ramifications; for example, metformin has kidney protective characteristics. With an expanding worldwide weight of CAD, early identification and convenient administration of hazard factors are pivotal to decreasing dismalness and mortality in such patients. DM is viewed as a free danger factor for the improvement of CAD. Metformin, a drug for diabetic medication, has a role in pre-clinical and clinical examinations to lower cardiovascular occasions in DM patients. Metformin protectively affects coronary veins past its hypoglycemic impacts. Given its worldwide accessibility, course of organization, and cost, metformin gives a different restorative choice for essential and optional anticipation of CAD in DM and non-diabetics. Metformin has also shown remarkable improvements in patients with Polycystic ovarian syndrome.