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Public Policy involves proposing changes to existing practices, alternatives, new habits. Citizens and institutions react accordingly, accepting, refuting or adapting. Agent-based modeling is a tool that can enrich the policy analysis package explicitly considering dynamics, space and individual-level interactions. This paper presents a modeling platform called PolicySpace that models public policies within an empirical, spatial environment using data from 46 metropolitan regions in Brazil. We describe the basics of the model, its agents and markets, the tax scheme, the parametrization, and how to run the model. Finally, we validate the model and demonstrate an application of the fiscal analysis. Besides providing the basics of the platform, our results indicate the relevance of the rules of taxes transfer for cities' quality of life.3 The platform is thoroughly detailed in [12] arXiv:1801.00259v1 [cs.MA] 31 Dec 2017Agent-based modeling (ABM) is one of the methodologies of complex systems that may shed some light into policy comprehension. Flexible and cost-effective, ABM helps delineate ex-ante policy analysis that anticipates effects evaluate alternatives, working very much as experiments, which are costly and often impractical within the social sciences realm.Applications of ABMs for social science have been around for some time [10,26]. However, recent handbooks have further defined the concepts and applications [29] and evaluated models for specific domains of social sciences, from economics [5] and social science in general [9,20] to political science [17], geography [21] and spatial analysis [4].All of them consider ABM as a computational artificial tool that provides an environment in which agents (of all sizes and shapes) interact among themselves and with the environment in a continuous time-driven direction. On top of such artificial construct, all kinds of experimentation can be made with considerably easy changes and tweaks using a relatively wide range of possible tools [1].Applications of policy are relatively fewer, but have been tried in transportation [11] and economics [3]. Mostly, applications have been praised as likely potential applications [6,25] or they have been used for specific markets and context, such as the labor market [24], financial analysis and interbank dependence [28] or macroeconomics [8]. Comprehensive models of the whole economy are typically simple [15,23] or too complex [7].PolicySpace is an open AB model that has been designed and customized for the analysis of Brazilian metropolitan regions, more precisely, Areas of Concentrated Population (ACPs) 4 . PolicySpace includes citizens, families, firms and municipalities' government that interact in three markets: goods, labor and real estate. It also enables fiscal analysis (via implementation of five different taxes), territorial experimentation as well as tweaking of 20 different parameters that govern behaviors in the firms, families, government and the markets. Finally, PolicySpace has been through extensive validation a...
We argue that building agent-based and equation-based versions of the same theoretical model is a fruitful way of gaining insights into real-world phenomena. We use the epistemological concept of "models as isolations and surrogate systems" as the philosophical underpinning of this argument. In particular, we show that agent-based and equation-based approaches align well when used simultaneously and, contrary to some common misconceptions, should be considered complements rather than substitutes. We illustrate the usefulness of the approach by examining a model of the long-run relationship between economic development and inequality (i.e., the Kuznets hypothesis).
Os centros antigos das cidades são regiões internas às metrópoles que se destacam por seu valor simbólico e por estarem sujeitos à decadência e esvaziamento. Em geral, a configuração espacial da população e dos empregos determina a relevância locacional dos sítios urbanos, os fluxos de mobilidade e a própria vitalidade de cada porção urbana, inclusive o centro. Entretanto, informações de localização populacional intraurbana só são disponibilizadas a cada dez anos. Dados de localização de empregos, quando disponíveis, se encontram agregados e não estão georreferenciados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisa e identifica estruturas intraurbanas de população (1991, 2000 e 2010) e emprego (2002 e 2013), em 12 regiões metropolitanas brasileiras, utilizando áreas mínimas comparáveis para agregar dados populacionais censitários e geolocalização identificada de empregos. Os resultados indicam que há perda populacional nos centros metropolitanos no período 1991- 2000, parcialmente recuperada no decênio seguinte. Constata-se ainda desconcentração de empregos com migração para novas áreas centrais, em relação aos centros urbanos tradicionais. Todavia, o comportamento não é linear para cada uma das 12 RMs analisadas e o resultado espacial final é específico para cada uma. O artigo contribui com a construção inédita da espacialização dos empregos para as 12 RMs. Ademais, a metodologia desenvolvida permite análise urbana quantitativa padronizada como apoio a pesquisadores com conhecimento local.
A motivação principal desse artigo é identificar quão relevante é a localização de determinado imóvel na composição do seu valor de mercado. Isso, no intuito de compreender melhor como as relações econômicas se dão espacialmente no tecido urbano. Para tal utiliza-se de uma miríade de conceitos - oriundos de várias ciências, da geografia, à arquitetura, ao urbanismo, à economia -, e metodologias, da estatística, à econometria e ao geoprocessamento. A proposta segue a literatura de preços hedônicos, mas propõe que a síntese da percepção das amenidades urbanas seja especificada pelo elemento do bairro (Lynch, 1997). Dois modelos são apresentados, os testes e resultados comentados, sendo que o de melhor ajuste é o modelo de erro auto-regressivo espacial com especificação de bairros classificados por um índice de renda. A análise quantifica acrescenta informações relevantes no entendimento do modelo.
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