Determining the range, status, ecology and behaviour of species from areas where surveys and samplings are uncommon or difficult to conduct is a challenge, such as in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea). Here, we used genetic samples, field surveys, call recordings, photographic identification and a literature review to estimate the presence, range and status of amphibians in the DPR Korea. From our combined results and based on the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, we were able to estimate the national threat levels for most species. Our results demonstrated the presence of 18 native species and the suspected presence of Karsenia koreana and two Onychodactylus species. We reported the first record for Rana uenoi in the vicinity of Pyongyang using molecular tools and similarly confirmed the presence of Dryophytes japonicus at the same location. Based on distribution and modelling, we can expect the contact zone between species within the Rana and Onychodactylus genera to be located along the Changbai Massif, a mountain range that marks a shift in ecoregions and acts as a barrier to dispersion. The species richness was higher in the lowlands and at lower latitudes, with such areas populated by up to 11 species, while more northern regions were characterised by species richness of about half of that value. The combination of ecological models and known threats resulted in the recommendation of ten species as threatened at the national level following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. This high number of threatened species was anticipated based on the high threat level to amphibians in bordering nations and globally. While the ecology of species in the DPR Korea is still understudied, we argue that species relying on agricultural wetlands such as rice paddies are not under imminent threat due to the enduring presence of extensive agricultural landscapes with low rates of chemical use and mechanisation. The maintenance of such landscapes is a clear benefit to amphibian species, in contrast to more industrialised agricultural landscapes in neighbouring nations. In comparison, the status of species dependent on forested habitats is unclear and threat levels are likely to be higher because of deforestation, as in neighbouring nations.
When in November 2001, the leaders of the Southeast Asian and Northeast Asian states met for the “ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) plus three (China, Japan and Korea),” President Kim Dae-Jung of South Korea proposed the exploration for an East Asian Free Trade Area (EAFTA) and thereby opened a new chapter of East Asian integration. The special Northeast Asian perspective on regional co-operation became clear by the simultaneous decision to hold annual meetings of finance and trade ministers of China, Japan and Korea. At the same time, bilateral agreements, like a free trade area between Japan and Singapore, the tentative large free trade area between ASEAN and China and the work-in-progress on a Korean-Japanese Free Trade Area, show the devotion and sometimes even obsession of current policy-making with reaching regional trade agreements. Regional integration, it seems, is finally on the Northeast Asian agenda. In this paper, the preconditions and perspectives of economic integration in Northeast Asia will be explored. Since economic integration is in various ways linked to political factors, the second section discusses the geo-political situation of Northeast Asia today. The third section deals with the economic perspectives of different forms of trade integration, followed by an analysis of various attempts for greater macro-economic and financial co-operation and a short conclusion.economic integration, free trade area, regionalism, Northeast Asia, institutional development,
ZusammenfassungZunehmender Standortwettbewerb und höhere Mobilität der Faktoren als Folgen der Globalisierung stellen die bisherigen Wohlfahrtssysteme in Frage, ein Prozeß, von dem vor allem die entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaaten Westeuropas betroffen sind. Technologisehe sowie politische Entwicklungen machen zunehmend institutionelle Alternativen erreichbar. Die seit langem bestehenden Mängel der Wohlfahrtsstaaten werden offensichtlich, wenn er sich dem Wettbewerb der Systeme stellen muß. Dieser Wettbewerb wird jedoch vielfach eher als Bedrohung denn als Erweiterung der Wahlmöglichkeiten verstanden. Die Gefährdung erreichter Wohlstandspositionen bestimmter Gruppen oder Staaten fuhrt dazu, daß in den einem härteren institutionellen Wettbewerb ausgesetzten Wohlfahrtsstaaten die Neigung zunimmt, diese Positionen durch Wettbewerbsbehinderungen oder Markteingriffe zu garantieren.Dieser Artikel untersucht, welche Mythen sich über den Wohlfahrtsstaat in der Globalisierung als Rechtfertigung solcher Behinderungen und Markteingriffe gebildet haben. Die politischen Rechtfertigungsgründe beziehen sich dabei auf die Abwehr eines vermeintlich unsozialen globalen Kapitalismus. Dieser Kapitalismus führe zu einer Angleichung wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Tätigkeit auf niedrigstem Niveau. Damit würde sich sowohl national wie international eine Spaltung der Gesellschaft beziehungsweise der Staatengemeinschaft ergeben. Planvolle staatliche Tätigkeit, nämlich der Schutz der Wohlfahrtsstaaten durch nationale Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen und internationale Koordination von wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Standards könnten diesen Prozeß aufhalten.In diesem Artikel wird statt dessen vorgeschlagen, den Wettbewerb der Sozialsysteme als eine Chance zu begreifen, bessere Lösungen sozialer Probleme zu finden. Dazu ist ein Ordnungsrahmen notwendig, der den Wettbewerb der Systeme nicht beschneidet, sondern ermöglicht. Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen gehen mit der Sklerotisierung der Wohlfahrtsstaaten einher. Prozeßpolitische Eingriffe stellen eine Anmaßung von Wissen dar und führen zu einer Interventionsspirale. Dagegen können die Wohlfahrtsstaaten Westeuropas durch eine Öffnung ihrer Sozialsysteme neue, im institutionellen Wettbewerb überlebensfahige Institutionen finden.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.