Introduction: Towards a Northeast Asian Security Community and the Role of North Korean Negotiation Tactics

Foreign Direct Investment Liberalization in Communist Regimes: A Theoretical Model Based on the Comparison Among China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam

“…In both cases, these developments resulted in the emergence of rent-seeking economies: Arms sales, forced labor (Kim, 2011(Kim, , 2016, and export of labor forces-ranging from Cuban doctors in Venezuela to North Korean construction workers in the Middle East-played a crucial role in stabilizing the distribution mechanisms of both regimes (Feinberg, 2013;Kim, 2011Kim, , 2016. Concurrently, the military gradually gained a more prominent rule within the socioeconomic structure, and Moscow's retrenchment from Cuba and the Korean peninsula accelerated this tendency (Féron, 2017;Lankov, 2017;Reuters, 2009;Seliger and Pascha, 2011). In Cuba, the seeds of military domination were already laid in the 1960s and 1970s (Dominguez, 1978), driven by efforts to reorganize the economy with military support 6 (cf.…”

“…The centralization of power in the 1960s under Kim Il Sung, who tried to limit the influence of party wings challenging the legitimacy of hereditary succession (Lankov, 2006), resulted in an incremental fusion of military, governmental, and party functions (Armstrong, 2004;Collins, 2012;Kim, 2016;Myers, 2015). As a consequence, military actors gained control over the sale of natural resources and products from military-controlled production units (Seliger and Pascha, 2011;Simons and White, 1984), became heavily involved in the manufacturing, agriculture and mining sectors, and began to receive financial resources from state-owned enterprises tailored to the acquisition of hard currency (Kim, 2011(Kim, , 2016Park, 2013;Seliger and Pascha, 2011).…”