Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a unique form of transneuronal degeneration caused by a disruption of the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway, also known as the triangle of Guillain-Mollaret. The triangle of Guillain-Mollaret is involved in fine voluntary motor control and consists of both the inferior olivary nucleus and the red nucleus on one side and the contralateral dentate nucleus. Clinically, patients classically present with symptomatic palatal myoclonus. Typical magnetic resonance imaging findings include T2-hyperintensity and enlargement of the inferior olivary nucleus evolving over time to atrophy with residual T2-hyperintensity. In this article, we provide a case-based illustration of the anatomy of the Guillain-Mollaret-triangle and the typical imaging findings of hypertrophic olivary degeneration.

Conventional stylet-driven leads with extendable helix can be implanted successfully for left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) with a low acute complication rate. We report two cases in which lead repositioning after a first unsuccessful attempt to LBBAP was associated with fracture of the helix rotating mechanism and failure to fully extract the pacing lead.

In the recently published article, "Unilateral fetal-type circle of Willis anatomy causes right-left asymmetry in cerebral blood flow with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling: A limitation of arterial spin labeling-based cerebral blood flow measurements?", it was shown by the method of arterial spin labeling (ASL) that unilateral fetal-type circle of Willis could induce variation of blood flow in cerebellar and posterior cerebral artery territory. We believe that the reported observation, rather than being a limitation, gives several interesting cues for understanding the ASL sequence. In this commentary, we formulate some suggestions regarding the use of ASL in clinical practice, discuss the potential causes of the above-mentioned pseudo-asymmetry and consider future improvements of the ASL technique.

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The present study demonstrates the high diagnostic performance of pCASL in characterizing skull base lesions by either visual assessment or nTBF quantification. Adding the pCASL sequence to the conventional protocol of skull base assessment can be recommended.