Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch (Rubeacea) is a plant belonging to the family Rubeacea. Preliminary phytochemistry carried out on the methanolic (ME) extract of the stem bark revealed the presence of steroid, carbohydrates, anthraquinones, saponins, triterpenes, tannins, cardiac glycoside and flavonoid while the petroleum ether (PE) extract of the stem bark revealed the presence of steroid, triterpenes and flavonoids. The PE extract and the ME were evaluated for antimicrobial screening using agar diffusion and broth dilution method on the following clinical isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterea and the fungi Trichophytom rubrum, Candida albicans and Microsporan spp. Both extracts were active against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, E. coli, S. typhi and S. dysenteriae with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 3.13 and 6.25 mg/ml and 1.25 to 2.25 mg/ml for PE and ME extracts, respectively and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged between 12.50 to 25.00 mg/ml and 2.50 to 5.00 mg/ml for PE and ME extracts, respectively. Both extracts showed no antifungal activity. The antibacterial activity of both extracts may be due to the presence of the secondary metabolites present. This study thus justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Ternary chlorides may be prepared conveniently from aqueous solutions or acetic acid, provided they are congruently soluble in the solvent or they may be prepared by heating together appropriate amount of anhydrous halides. The synthetic route followed here starting from the binary chlorides of alkali metal (ACl) and alkaline earth metal (MCl 2) chlorides made use of preparation from solutions. Attempt was made to prepare the following ternary chlorides K x SrCl y , Cs x SrCl y , Li x SrCl y , K x BaCl 4 and Rb x SrCl y from solution. Stochiometric amount of the binary chlorides were used to grow the crystals in solutions. One solid state reaction was carried out with one group of educts. The results obtained showed that the ternary chlorides are harder to prepare in water solution than in solid state, and therefore the research recommend using water free solvents in future work to prepare these ternary chlorides in solution.

Temperature dependence of luminescence of alkaline earth metal thiocyanantes doped with Eu 2+ is measured in this work. In the early part of this research Ca(SCN) 2 ۰ 2H 2 O was doped with Eu 2+ and the emission measured at 80K. The emission of Ca(SCN) 2 ۰ 2H 2 O: Eu 2+ are influenced by many factors, such as the crystal field, polarity, second coordination sphere, temperature, etc all these factors influence the energy of the f-d states, that is why this study seek to focus on the effect of temperature. To investigate the temperature effect, the emission spectra were measured at different temperatures from 80K to 240K using Fluorolg-3 (FL3-22) spectrofluorometer from Jobin Yvon. The measured spectra showed that there is an inverse linear relation between temperature and intensity of the emission.

Many host lattices have been investigated, as it is known that the effect of the host lattice in luminescence is complex, therefore this work seek to investigate Cesium Thiocyanate (CsSCN) as a suitable host lattice in luminescence. Cesium Thiocyanate is doped with EU 2+ and the Luminescence of the doped compound measured. CsSCN was prepared from Cd(SCN) 2 and Ca(CO) 3. The prepared CsSCN was then doped with 0.05% EU 2+ at 220 oc. The Luminescence spectra of the CsSCN:EU 2+ was measured using a D5000diffractometer. The emission spectra obtained is broad with the maximum at 19801cm-1. The spectra obtained were in agreement with typical thiocynante spectra that were doped with EU 2+. CsSCN can therefore be used as a host lattice with some minor problems of decomposition by products.

Due to the emergence of more and more drug resistance bacteria and the reported antibacterial activity of Ceiba pentandra, the antimicrobial activity of the partitioned ethyl-acetate and n-butanol fractions of the stem-bark of this plant were carried out on the following clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyrogenes; corynebacterium ulcereans; Escherichia coli; Salmonella typhi; Shigella dysenterea; Enterococcus aerogenes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; klebsiella pneumonia and the fungi Trichophytom rubrum, Microsporum sp., Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Agar diffusion and broth delusion methods were used in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction showed wide spectrum antibacteria activity (with zones of inhibition between 27mm and 37mm) while the n-butanol extract showed activity only against the gram negative bacteria (zones of inhibition between 20mm and 21mm). The MIC ranged from 0.65 to 2.5 mg/ml and 2.5 to 5 mg/ml and MBC ranged from 2.5 mg/ml and 5 – 10 mg/ml for the ethylacetate and n-butanol respectively. Both fractions showed no activity against the fungi used in this study. The preliminary phytochemistry of the ethyl acetate showed the presence of only flavonoid and this may explain the activity against all the bacteria. The n-butanol showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycoside and the absence of flavonoid and alkaloids. This study justifies the use of this plant in herbal medicine.