El potencial del magnetismo en la clasificación de suelos: una revisión 365 ResumenLos óxidos de hierro se encuentran en todos los suelos en cantidades diversas, son utilizados como indicadores de procesos pedogenéticos y reflejan los ambientes de formación del suelo. Por otro lado, estos componentes afectan las propiedades y funciones de los suelos, porque influyen en el color, la agregación, la capacidad de intercambio de cationes y la retención de fósforo en el suelo. Una característica de los óxidos de hierro es la formación de minerales ferrimagnéticos; debido a esto, y mediante la utilización de técnicas magnéticas se pueden identificar algunos procesos pedogenéticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es la descripción de las propiedadesmagnéticas de los suelos y sus aplicaciones potenciales, como parámetros proxy, en la clasificación de suelos. Se mencionan los portadores magnéticos, las propiedades magnéticas, las formas de análisis y sus aplicaciones. Las propiedades magnéticas de los suelos permiten identificar y cuantificar los minerales magnéticos y relacionarlos con los procesos pedogenéticos. Las mediciones magnéticas son fáciles de realizar y son de bajo costo, lo cual permite realizar el análisis de un gran número de muestras, con lo que es posible la elaboración de mapas de suelos, la identificación de procesos pedogenéticos y el mejoramiento de la clasificación de suelos. En países con alta diversidad edáfica como México, es posible la generación de nuevos tipos de aplicaciones de las propiedades magnéticas de los suelos.Palabras clave: génesis de suelos, mapas de suelo, procesos edáficos, magnetismo. Abstract Soils contain variable amounts of Fe oxides, which may be used as indicators of pedogenic processes and the environments related
We report a detailed rock‐magnetic and archaeointensity analysis of four pottery fragments and a burned floor recovered from the Tzintzuntzan archaeological site in western Mexico. Results from rock‐magnetic experiments (x‐T curves and first‐order reversal curves [FORC] diagrams) indicate the suitability of most of these materials as faithful geomagnetic field recorders. Potsherds were archaeomagnetically dated by comparing their mean intensity values against the paleosecular variation curve CALS3k, suggesting A.D. 600–941 as the most probable age range. This is younger than 14C‐dated charcoal from the same burned floor (A.D. 1294–1426). More precise age estimates will require the use of the full geomagnetic vector (declination, inclination, and intensity). Multiple reheatings of the ceramic pieces, evidenced as secondary components in Zijderveld plots, could reflect multiple heating of these objects, perhaps from use as incense burners. Our study demonstrates the potential of archaeomagnetic analysis to both date burned ceramics recovered in situ and provide insight into their use‐history.
We report a detailed archeomagnetic investigation on pre-Columbian potteries from Quiahuiztlan, Veracruz, from ~900 AD to 1521 AD. Archeological samples analyzed by modern magnetic techniques carry a stable univectorial thermoremanent magnetization under alternating field treatment. Continuous low-field susceptibility vs. temperature curves performed in air indicates Ti-poor titanomagnetites as magnetization carriers. Few samples, however, show two ferrimagnetic phases with Curie temperatures compatible with both Ti-poor and Ti-rich titanomagnetites. Hysteresis parameter ratios fall essentially in the pseudo-single-domain region, which may indicate a mixture of multi-domain and a significant amount of single domain grains. Early geomagnetic field intensity determinations using the Coe variant of Thellier method were performed on 90 selected samples. Cooling rate corrected intensity values range from 34.0 ± 1.2 to 62.2 ± 0.2 ?T. Corresponding virtual axial dipole moments (VADM) range from 5.7 to 10.7 x1022 Am2. Absolute intensity curves for Mesoamerica present limited spa-tial/temporal resolution. For tentative dating purposes, we used global archeointensity curves reduced to central and eastern Mexico that permit preliminary dating of Quiahuiztlan potteries. Comparison of our data against those reported in ArcheoInt database allow to identify two periods 900- 1000 and 1400-1600 AD as the most probable manufacturing ranges for the pot- teries studied.
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