Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes sexually transmitted disease. In women, chlamydial infections may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. The role of antibodies in protection against a primary Chlamydia infection is unclear and was a focus of this work. Using the C. muridarum mouse infection model, we show that intestinal mucosa is infected via intra-nasal (IN) or per-oral (PO) Chlamydia inoculation and unlike the female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosa, it halts systemic Chlamydia dissemination. Moreover, PO immunization or infection with Chlamydia confers protection against per-vaginal (PV) challenge, resulting in significantly decreased bacterial burden in the FRT, accelerated Chlamydia clearance, and reduced hydrosalpinx pathology. In contrast, sub-cutaneous (SC) immunization conferred no protection against the PV challenge. Both PO and SC immunizations induced Chlamydia-specific serum IgA. However, IgA was found only in the vaginal washes and fecal extracts of PO-immunized animals. Following a PV challenge, unimmunized control and SC-SC immunized animals developed Chlamydia-specific intestinal IgA, yet failed to develop IgA in the FRT indicating that IgA response in the FRT relies on the FRT to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) antigen transport. Vaginal secretions of PO-immunized animals neutralize Chlamydia in vivo, resulting in significantly lower Chlamydia burden in the FRT and Chlamydia transport to the GIT. We also show that infection of the GIT is not necessary for induction of protective immunity in the FRT, a finding that is important for the development of PO subunit vaccines to target Chlamydia and possibly other sexually transmitted pathogens.

Cancer is one of the most important threats to public health. Cancer is characterized by cell proliferation that has eluded central endogenous control mechanisms. Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women, followed by skin cancer and breast cancer, the first and second most common causes, respectively. In developing countries, cervical cancer is usually the most common cancer in women and may account for 25% of all female cancers. Over the years, the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer have made rapid progress, resulting in a decline in the mortality and morbidity of the disease. Unfortunately, although surgery and radiotherapy have effective treatment options for early cervical cancer, poor prognosis is still a challenge in the treatment of metastatic cervical cancer. Therefore, it is very important to reveal the mechanism of cervical cancer and explore new therapies against tumor invasiveness. At present, it is reported that nanomaterials are used in the detection and treatment of various types of malignant tumors due to their different targeting effects in many fields, such as imaging, immune detection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects of graphene oxide (GO) on tumor invasion and metastasis were studied in recent studies using the human cervical cancer Hela cell line, as well as the probable mechanisms and signaling pathways involved. Here we collect the last reports, with focus on the role of GO in the inhibition of migration and invasion of cancer cells with the goal of exposing possible potential pathways to provide new insights for specific treatment of cancer.