Abstract:Drawing on detailed interviews with 60 recent migrants to Ireland, we discuss the extent and nature of patient mobility. The paper is framed by the typology of patient mobility outlined by Glinos et al (2010), which highlights patient motivation and funding. We pay particular attention to four key areas: availability of health care for migrants living in Ireland; affordability of care as a push factor for patient mobility; how migrants' perceptions of care affect their decision about where to avail of care; and the impact of familiarity on patient mobility. We provide empirical support for this typology. However, our research also highlights the fact that two factors -availability and familiarity -require further elaboration. Our research demonstrates the need for greater levels of awareness of culture specificity on the part of both migrants and healthcare providers. It also highlights the need to investigate the social and spatial activities of migrants seeking health care, both within and beyond national boundaries.

Within the EU, efforts in relation to integration are generally directed towards migrants from outside the EU. However, there is evidence that intra-EU migrants face similar obstacles to integration to those of non-EU citizens. Since Ireland has a large EU migrant population, this paper critically explores EU migrants' integration in Ireland. Drawing on a wider longitudinal study, the paper focuses on the lived experiences of 39 migrants from EU Member States living in Ireland. Focusing on domains of integration, we explore the different pathways by which EU migrants move to Ireland and become part of Irish society. Cultural and social pathways -including language, study, adventure and social relationships -are important as the original motivation for migration. Contrary to popular perception, economic factors such as employment were mostly seen as enabling social and cultural interests. However, economic but also social pathways came to the fore during the recession, when securing one's livelihood and networks took on a new importance. We show that migrants developed various tactics to intensify their contact with Irish society and to develop feelings of being 'at home', despite a deteriorating economic situation. Despite these individual efforts, EU migrants continue to face obstacles to integration in Ireland: obstacles that need to be acknowledged at addressed within Ireland and across the EU more broadly.

Sociolinguistic research on Creole communities has so far focused mainly on the social and linguistic distinctiveness of Creoles and on their synchronic interaction with their European lexifier. To date, little work has been done on the stylistic make-up of Creoles and on how these styles are employed in interactions to negotiate social identities and relationships. This paper investigates patterns of code-switching between different Creole varieties in the Eastern Maroon community using Myers-Scotton's markedness model. It demonstrates that such patterns are structurally similar to those found in other bilingual communities and function as an important resource for creating interactional meanings. Moreover, it shows that overall similar patterns of code-switching convey partially different meanings due to their interaction with situational factors.

Summary It is generally assumed that the copulas (d/n)aanddein the creoles of Suriname emerged due to processes of reanalysis and grammaticalization fromthatandthere, respectively. While Arends (1989) argued that these processes were triggered and guided by substrate influence, McWhorter (1997a) explicitly excludes such influence. Neither of the two studies is conclusive, however, since they did not examine in sufficient detail relevant data from the primary substrate input. The aim of the present study is to fill this gap by exploring in detail the copular domain in the Eastern Maroon Creole (EMC), a conservative descendant of the early Suriname Creole, and its main input languages, the varieties of Gbe and Kikongo. The comparative analysis reveals close similarities between the three languages. When combined with findings from diachronic research (Arends 1986, 1989), these finding suggests that the overall make-up of the copular domain emerged due to influence from the primary substrate input, particularly from Gbe. The main functional and distributional properties of (d/n)awere modeled on the demonstrative pronounthatfunctioning as a resumptive pronoun in non-native varieties of English and on the focus markers in the substrate languages. Those ofdewere based on the non-nominal copulas in the substrate varieties and on the locative adverbtherein existential construction. Subsequent to their emergence, they were affected by language-internal change.Résumé On accepte en général l’idée que les copules (d/n)aetdedans les créoles du Suriname se sont développées à la suite d’un processus de réanalyse et de grammaticalisation du pronom démonstratif anglaisthatet de l’adverbe locatifthere. Arends (1989) propose que ces processus ont été provoqués et guidés par le substrat principal du créole. Par contre, McWhorter (1997a) nie que le substrat ait influencé l’émergence des deux copules. Les résultats de ces deux études ne sont probablement pas tout à fait définitifs, vu que leurs analyses du substrat n’étaient pas suffisamment détaillées. Le but de cette étude est d’analyser l’origine de (d/n)aetdeen faisant une analyse comparative détaillée de la prédication enEastern Maroon Creole(EMC), un descendant du créole ancien du Suriname, et dans le substrat principal de ce créole ancien, notamment les variétés de la langue gbe et de la langue kikongo. L’enquête montre qu’il y a des ressemblances importantes entre les trois langues. En conjonction avec les données diachroniques (Arends 1986, 1989), les résultats de l’étude comparative montrent que l’organisation structurelle de la prédication dans les créoles surinamien est calquée sur celle du substrat, essentiellement les langues gbe. Les propriétés fonctionnelles et distributives de (d/n)asont dues au pronom démonstratif anglaisthatdans sa fonction comme marqueur d’emphase dans les variétés d’anglais seconde langue et les particules d’emphase dans les variétés de gbe et de kikongo. Celles dedesont dues à celles de la copule non-nominale dans les langue du substrat et de l’adverbe locatifthere. Après leur émergence ces éléments ont été modifiés par des processus de changement langagier ne mettant pas en cause le substrat.Zusammenfassung Es wird generell angenommen, dass sich die Kopulas (d/n)aunddein den Kreolsprachen von Suriname durch Reanalyse- und Grammatikalisierungsprozesse von dem englischen Demonstrativpronomenthatund dem Adverbthereher entwickelt haben. Arends (1989) argumentiert, dass diese Prozesse durch Substrateinflüsse in Gang gesetzt und geleitet worden sind, wohingegen McWhorter (1997a) die Beteiligung von Substrateinflüssen explizit ausschließt. Die Ergebnisse dieser beiden Studien können jedoch nicht als abschließend betrachtet werden, da sie auf einer nicht sehr detaillierten Analyse der Substratsprachen basieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es daher, durch einen Vergleich der Kopuladomäne im Eastern Maroon Creole (EMC), eine konservative Tochtersprache des frühen Plantagenkreols von Suriname, und den Hauptsubstratsprachen, Varietäten des Gbe und Kikongo, den Ursprung der Kopuladomäne in den surinamesischen Kreols erneut zu untersuchen. Die komparative Analyse zeigt, dass signifikante Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Kopulasystemen der drei Sprachen bestehen. Kombiniert mit den Ergebnissen einer diachronen Studie (Arends 1986, 1989), deuten diese Ähnlichkeiten darauf hin, dass die Struktur der prädikativen Konstruktionen durch den Einfluss der Substratsprachen, insbesondere des Gbe, entstanden sind. Die funktionellen und distributionellen Charakteristika von (d/n)abasieren auf denen des Demonstrativpronomensthatin seiner Funktion als Fokusmarker in Zweitsprachvarietäten des Englischen und denen der Fokusmarker in den Substratsprachen. Die Charakteristika vondebasieren auf denen der nicht-nominalen Kopula in den Substratsprachen und dem Adverbthere. Einige wenige Charakteristika von (d/n)aunddeentstanden durch sprachinternen Wandel.