T HIS ARTICLE has two objectives: (1) to discuss social accounting as it applies to nonprofits and (2) to present two models of social accounting financial statements-the community social return on investment model and the expanded value-added statement-for nonprofits. Both of these models present examples of how nonmonetized social outputs can be given surrogate values and included with financial statements. Social Accounting TraditionSocial accounting is based on a critique of the limitations of financial accounting, particularly the limited range of items that it considers, its exclusion of items that do not have an established dollar value (nonmonetized), and its focus on shareholders and other financing

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The purpose of this study is to determine whether nonprofits that serve a membership (that is, mutual nonprofits) have more in common with cooperatives (also memberoriented associations) than with nonprofits that are oriented toward the public. A MANOVA was used to analyze the effect of organizational type of which there were four categories (publicly oriented nonprofits, mutual nonprofits, cooperatives without shares, and cooperatives with shares) on the five dependent measures (social objectives, volunteer participation, democratic decision making, government dependence, and market reliance) derived from the social economy framework. The results offer some support for the hypothesis that serving a membership is an important factor in the basic characteristics of an organization, and that is true regardless of whether the incorporation is nonprofit or cooperative. However, charitable status also appeared to influence on the results. The implications for the social economy and civil society are discussed.

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