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Water pollution is one of the severe problems that have a crippling effect on public hygiene. The detection of impurities present in the water is of high priority to battle its effects. In this paper, we propose a novel method to perform detection of such impurities by exploiting the dielectric constant variations caused by its presence. We present a microstrip resonator that measures the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of the water by means of variation in resonant frequency. The design makes use of Defected ground structure (DGS) for enhanced resonance. The electromagnetic field distribution, resonant frequency and quality factor of the design are computed and analyzed. The microstrip resonator presented here has some virtues such as simple structure, easy manufacture, low cost etc. The resonator has been simulated using HFSS 9.

The codebook design is the most essential core technique in constrained feedback massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system communications. MIMO vectors have been generally isotropic or evenly distributed in traditional codebook designs. In this paper, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based clustering codebook design is proposed, which is inspired by the strong classification and analytical abilities of clustering techniques. Huge quantities of channel state information (CSI) are initially saved as entry data of the clustering process. Further, split into N number of clusters based on the shortest distance. The centroids part of clustering has been utilized for constructing a codebook with statistic channel information, with an average distance that is the shortest towards the true channel data. The enhanced GMM based clustering codebook design outperforms traditional methods, particularly in the situations of non-uniform distribution of channels as demonstrated via simulation results which match theoretical analyses concerning achievable rate. The proposed GMM based clustering codebook design is compared with DFT-based clustering codebook design and k-means based clustering codebook design.

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