INTRODUCTIONOvarian tumours account for 3% of all cancers in females, being the second most common cancer of the female genital tract, next only to uterine cancer.1 They account for 30% of all cancers of the female genital tract.2 Ovarian tumours often go undetected and present at a later stage. This is due to their location, lack of early screening modalities and, lack of specific symptoms and signs suggestive of malignant nature. The advanced stage at presentation of ovarian cancers results in a low mean 5 year survival rate and a poor prognosis. 2 The ovarian tumours are highly heterogenous with a wide range of histologic patterns enumerated in the WHO classification. The gross appearances are useful to a certain extent in distinguishing the individual tumours, more so for the ABSTRACT Background: Ovarian tumours account for 3% of all cancers amongst women, being the second most common cancer of the female genital tract. The ovarian tumours are highly heterogenous with a wide range of histological patterns. Aim of current study was to study the histological patterns and the age incidence of the ovarian tumours in our institute. Methods:The present study is a prospective study conducted in the department of pathology, Andhra Medical College, from August 2011 to July 2013. Results: We received a total of 267 specimens of ovarian tumours during this period, out of which, 263 were primary and 4 were secondary tumours. Benign tumours were 209 (78.3%), borderline were 10 (3.7%) and malignant were 48 (18%) in numbers. Overall surface epithelial tumours constituted the majority of tumours accounting for 214 (80.2%) cases, followed by germ cell tumours 38 (14.2%) and sexcord stromal tumours 11 (4.1%). The single most common tumour diagnosed was serous cystadenoma. The most common malignant tumour was serous cystadenocarcinoma. The age groups affected ranged from 11-70 years. The peak age incidences for different histological types were as follows: surface epithelial tumours: 21-50 years, germ cell tumours: 21-30 years, sexcord stromal tumours: 51-60years. Benign tumours were more common in 21-40 years of age, borderline in 31-50 years and malignant tumours in 41-50 years age group. Conclusion:The results from our study were comparable with those reported in literature; however malignant serous and mucinous tumours showed a lower peak age incidence in our study. Krukenberg tumours also occurred in younger age group in our study.

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Background: The diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is challenging due to the pauci-bacillary nature of disease. Recently, WHO recommends GeneXpert/CBNAAT to be used as the initial diagnostic test in patients suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The study was done to assess the role of Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CB-NAAT) in the diagnosis of EPTB. Aims and objectives was to study the role of FNAC, CBNAAT and Fluorescent LED in diagnosing extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB).Methods: This is a descriptive observational study carried out over a period of 12 months (April 2017 to March 2018) at department of Pathology, Andhra Medical College. All presumptive cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and purulent aspirates from the various sites between the age group of <10yrs to 60 years of age were included in the study. FNA was done and material sent to CBNAAT and fluorescent LED (Light-emitting Diode) microscopy in all the cases and results tabulated.Results: The total number of cases with presumptive extra pulmonary Tb were 289. Majority of the aspirates are from lymph nodal and cervical swellings 94.1% (272/289). CBNAAT has detected 6.5 % of cases (19/289) which were not detected by FNA and 9.3% of cases (27/289) LED negative cases. Resistant to rifampicin was identified in 2.1% (3/142 cases) of CBNAAT positive cases.Conclusions: FNA still remains the cheapest test to diagnose TB. In cases with Granulomatous lymphadenitis and purulent aspirates CBNAAT has an important role in diagnosing EPTB. In addition it offered rapid detection of rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains which is an added advantage.

Background: Vesiculobullous diseases have been the focus of intensive investigation in recent years. However, these disorders are still associated with substantial morbidity, considerable mortality and impaired quality of life. Accurate diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions of skin entails evaluation of clinical, histopathologic and immunofluorescence findings.Methods: Hospital based prospective study for a period of 24 months from August 2014 to July 2016 in the Department of Pathology at Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, India. Total of 50 patients aged 3-70 years with vesiculobullous lesions of both sexes attending the Department of Dermatology were selected and analysed clinically, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence (DIF).Results: In the present study, majority of patients presented between 51-60 yrs of age (32%) with male to female ratio of 1.08:1 and mean age of 46.02 years. Pemphigus vulgaris constituted the most common vesiculobullous disorder (32%) followed by bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceous, 18% each. Bullae were located intra epidermally in 68% and sub epidermally in 32% of the patients. DIF was positive in 80% of the cases. Overall clinicopathological correlation was established in 74%. Overall histopathological and direct immunofluorescence correlation was established in 78%. Out of 50 cases, 35 cases (70%) correlated clinically and histo-pathologically with direct immunofluorescence.Conclusions: In the present study, on histopathological examination alone pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris could be differentiated. Direct immunofluorescence was useful in differentiating epidermolysis bullosa acquisita from bullous pemphigoid which have similar histopathological picture. This study proves that direct immunofluorescence is confirmatory as well as diagnostic for vesiculobullous disorders.

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