Background: The diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is challenging due to the pauci-bacillary nature of disease. Recently, WHO recommends GeneXpert/CBNAAT to be used as the initial diagnostic test in patients suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The study was done to assess the role of Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CB-NAAT) in the diagnosis of EPTB. Aims and objectives was to study the role of FNAC, CBNAAT and Fluorescent LED in diagnosing extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB).Methods: This is a descriptive observational study carried out over a period of 12 months (April 2017 to March 2018) at department of Pathology, Andhra Medical College. All presumptive cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and purulent aspirates from the various sites between the age group of <10yrs to 60 years of age were included in the study. FNA was done and material sent to CBNAAT and fluorescent LED (Light-emitting Diode) microscopy in all the cases and results tabulated.Results: The total number of cases with presumptive extra pulmonary Tb were 289. Majority of the aspirates are from lymph nodal and cervical swellings 94.1% (272/289). CBNAAT has detected 6.5 % of cases (19/289) which were not detected by FNA and 9.3% of cases (27/289) LED negative cases. Resistant to rifampicin was identified in 2.1% (3/142 cases) of CBNAAT positive cases.Conclusions: FNA still remains the cheapest test to diagnose TB. In cases with Granulomatous lymphadenitis and purulent aspirates CBNAAT has an important role in diagnosing EPTB. In addition it offered rapid detection of rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains which is an added advantage.

ABSTRACT:: Various haemoglobinopathies are major health problem in east godavari district, andhra pradesh. Because of high prevalence of these disorders, we undertook limited hospital based study. AIMS: To study and to evaluate the sickle cell disorders in children who attended outpatient pediatric department, GGH, Kakinada METHODS AND MATERIAL: The present prospective study included 82 patients, referred for screening of hemoglobin disorders from October 2010 to September 2012, with Clinical history of anaemia, jaundice, splenomegaly and fever. Blood samples were collected into EDTA for testing parameters like hemogram, peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, Hb F(fetal hemoglobin) study, osmotic fragility test, Hb H Inclusion Bodies, hemoglobin analysis by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and urine was collected for urobilinogen test. RESULTS: Total numbers of sickle cell disease and trait were 31 out of 82 screened cases with male predominance and six cases were sickle heterozygous conditions. The prevalence of sickle cell disorders is 37%. 54% of sickle cell cases were associated with iron deficiency anemia. Serum bilirubin levels are increased more in sickle cell disease compared to other abnormal Hb disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that sickle cell disease and trait were most common haemoglobinopathies. 93% of sickle cell cases had presented with Microcytic hypochromic anemia. The prevalence of sickle cell disease is 37%, although the present study is Hospital based which cannot represent any community or population, but it emphasizes the need of knowing the magnitude of this problem in this region.