Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a contagious venereal tumour of dogs, commonly observed in dogs that are in close contact with one another, or in stray and wild dogs that exhibit unrestrained sexual activity. CTVT represents a unique, naturally transmissible, contagious tumour, where the mutated tumour cell itself is the causative agent and perpetuates as a parasitic allograft in the host. Clinical history, signalment and cytological features are often obvious for establishing a diagnosis though biopsy and histological examination may be needed in atypical cases. Most cases are curable with three intravenous injections of vincristine sulphate at weekly intervals. The role of stray and wild dogs makes the disease difficult to control and necessitates sustained animal birth control in stray dogs along with prompt therapy of the affected dogs. This review captures the manifold developments in different areas embracing this fascinating tumour, including its biology, diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives.

BackgroundRoots of Withania somnifera (WS) are a celebrated medicinal ingredient in Ayurvedic and many other indigenous systems of medicine. The present study investigates the effect of the phytochemical composition of the extracts on their antioxidant and reducing activities.MethodsWS roots were extracted with water, acetone, aqueous methanol (1:1), and methanol:chloroform:water (1:1:1) to obtain aqueous, acetone, hydro-methanolic, and methanol–chloroform–water extracts. Thereafter, phytochemical constitution and antioxidant and reducing activities of the extracts were compared using different qualitative and quantitative tests.ResultsMaximum extraction recovery was obtained with 50% aqueous methanol whereas extraction with acetone yielded the poorest recovery. Methanol–chloroform–water extract had the highest content of phytochemical constituents, except tannins, and also exhibited the highest antioxidant and reducing activities.ConclusionPhytochemical composition and antioxidant and reducing activities of the extracts were positively associated with the use of organic solvents during the extraction process. Alkaloids and flavonoids were the most important contributors in the antioxidant and reducing activities of the extracts.

Sulfoximine and its congeners are a versatile class of structural motifs widely found in a plethora of pharmaceutical compounds and crop protection industries due to their fascinating structural architecture. Former discoveries nicely demonstrates the synthetic routes of unmasked and various N-functionalized sulfoximines but recent efforts from the synthetic community have divulged the applicability of sulfoximine analogue as reusable and transformable DG (directing group) to fabricate multifunctionalized (Het)arenes and enhance the bioactivities. Considering the synthetic potentiality and great influence of this scaffold, we provide a summary of NÀ H/CÀ H functionalization strategies of sulfoximine and application (as a directing group) with special emphasis on the mechanistic underpinnings. Additionally, we also hoped that this comprehensive review article (up to midst of 2020) will be useful for synthetic researchers and medicinal chemists and will inspire for further novel chemical transformations in this arena.

Quinazolinone and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic scaffolds in pharmaceuticals and natural products. This review provides the recent research advances in the transition metal catalyzed selective C–H bond functionalization of quinazolinone.

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